Stages of logging activities. Stages of logging activities Video: Russian forest industry

Definition of “Logging industry” according to TSB:
Logging industry is the largest branch of the forestry industry, carrying out the harvesting of wood, its removal and rafting. It occupies an important place in the national economy of the USSR. In foreign countries, forestry is, as a rule, part of forestry.
In pre-revolutionary Russia, industrial logging was carried out on a limited scale. Production operations for harvesting and hauling timber were carried out manually.
In the first years after the Great October Socialist Revolution, there was an acute shortage of fuel, so until 1922, wood harvesting prevailed. The restoration and development of the national economy led to a significant increase in logging (see table).

In terms of volume of timber exported, the USSR ranks (1972) first in the world.
In the USSR, industrial logging is carried out by the Ministry of Forestry and Wood Processing Industry of the USSR (59% of the total volume of logging), the State Forestry Committee of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (12%) and other ministries and departments. Wood is also transported by collective farms and inter-collective farm organizations to meet their own needs (in a volume of over 24 million m3 per year).
During logging, a number of forestry requirements are met: cutting areas of a set width, preservation of undergrowth and young growth, cleaning of cutting areas from logging residues, leaving seedbeds, etc.
From 1927 to the mid-50s. logging was carried out mainly in the north and north-west. The European part of the USSR, whose forest resources have decreased as a result of intensive logging. Later, logging developed widely in Siberia and the Far East. In 1972, of the total volume of logging, the Northwestern region accounted for 24.9%, East Siberian 16.9, Ural 15, Far Eastern 8.0, West Siberian 7.8, Volgo-Vyatka 7.7, Central 7.5 %.
The development of new forest areas in the North-West, Siberia and the Far East has necessitated the construction of a network of main timber-carrying broad-gauge railways in these areas.
The main enterprise of L.P. is Lespromkhoz. The annual capacity of timber industry enterprises ranges from 300-700 thousand m of timber removal. The main logging operations (felling, transporting wood to upper warehouses, hauling wood) are mechanized. As of January 1, 1973, the logging enterprises of ministries and departments had: 72.1 thousand tractors, 35.1 thousand logging vehicles, 3.8 thousand diesel locomotives and motor locomotives, 517 semi-automatic lines for bucking logs, trimming branches and cutting tree trunks, 966 debarking machines, 6.7 thousand loading cranes of all brands, 9.8 thousand different loaders. The average number of workers in the Leningrad region in 1972 was over 1 million people. Improved timber transport vehicles are being built. year-round roads. All this allows you to significantly increase labor productivity in logging. See also the articles Forestry equipment, Logging roads. Much attention is paid to the most complete and effective use of firewood as a technological raw material. The industrial use of firewood and low-quality deciduous wood and its waste can significantly increase timber resources without a significant increase in logging.
In some foreign socialist countries, timber exports in 1971 amounted to (million m): in Bulgaria - 4.9, Hungary - 5.4, GDR - 7.8, Poland - 16, Romania - 23, Czechoslovakia - 14.6, Yugoslavia - 17.
Wood export in capitalist countries (1971, million m): in the USA 340, Canada (1970) 121, Sweden 64.3, Japan (1970) 49.8, Finland 42.9, France 34.8, Germany 28.3 . In capitalist countries with significant forest potential, there is a tendency to increase the volume of forest cuttings with the simultaneous implementation of measures to intensify forestry.
Lit.: Directives of the XXIV Congress of the CPSU on the five-year plan for the development of the national economy of the USSR for 1971-1975, M., 1971; Forest is the national wealth of the Soviet people. Sat., ed. N.V. Timofeeva, M., 1967; Rodnenkov M. G., Mechanization and technology of logging operations, M., 1966; Medvedev N. A., Economics of the forest industry, M., 1970.
B. M. Perepechin.
Removal of timber using a KrAZ-255 L road train.

Loading timber onto a road train using a jaw loader.

Logging with a TT-4 tractor.

Its export or rafting, as well as primary processing, partial processing of large timber and disposal of logging waste. Abroad, the logging industry, as a rule, is an integral part of forestry. It occupied an important place in the national economy of the former USSR.

Story [ | ]

Until the 20th century, logging in Russia was carried out in limited quantities, with production operations for logging and wood removal being carried out manually.

From 1927 until the mid-fifties, the main logging was carried out in the North and North-West of the European part of the USSR, which led to a noticeable reduction in forest resources in areas of intensive logging. Subsequently, logging developed widely in Siberia and the Far East, which led to a decrease in the share of deforestation in the European part of the USSR: for example, in 1972, of the total volume of logging, the Northwestern economic region accounted for 24.9%, the East Siberian - 16 .9%, Ural - 15.0%, Far Eastern - 8.0%, West Siberian - 7.8%, Volga-Vyatka - 7.7%, Central - 7.5%. In addition, the development of new forest areas in the North-West, Siberia and the Far East has led to the need to develop the infrastructure of these regions and build a network of main logging broad-gauge railways.

Structure [ | ]

In general, the logging industry includes several main industries:

In addition, the logging industry includes industries that use low-value types of wood and logging waste as raw materials: sawmilling, sleeper sawing, production of industrial chips, container boards and other products.

Notes [ | ]

Literature [ | ]

T. G. Morozova, M. P. Pobedina, G. B. Polyak, S. S. Shishov. Regional economics: Textbook for universities, 2001;
Forest is the national wealth of the Soviet people. Sat., ed. N.V. Timofeeva, M., 1967;
Rodnenkov M. G., Mechanization and technology of logging operations, M., 1966;
Medvedev N. A., Economics of the forest industry, M., 1970.

The forestry and woodworking industry is a set of industrial production facilities of the national economy, specializing in the procurement and processing of wood material, the production of furniture structures, various semi-finished wood products, paper, cardboard and cellulose products, and various chemicals based on wood waste. All these industries are combined into larger inter-industry complexes, such as forestry, forestry and forestry.

Forestry industries

The main branches of the forest industry are:

Logging industry

It is the largest industry and includes the direct process of harvesting wood raw materials and its removal (or rafting) for further processing, as well as the disposal of logging waste, carried out by special forestry enterprises: forest districts or forestry enterprises. Thanks to the presence of large taiga tracts of Siberia and the Far East on the territory of the former Soviet Union, it occupied one of the leading positions in the state economy; by 1972, the USSR came out on top in world timber exports, in other countries of the socialist camp (Bulgaria, Hungary, East Germany, Poland, Romania) also exported wood abroad, but in much smaller quantities. The leading positions in the countries of the capitalist world were occupied by the USA, Canada, Sweden, Finland, France, Germany, and Japan. Today, the major producing countries of wood raw materials are the USA, Canada, Russia, Ukraine, Sweden, Brazil, India, Indonesia, China and Nigeria.

Wood industry

Carries out mechanical and chemical-mechanical processing of incoming wood raw materials and its further processing. Products of this industry - plywood, sleepers, various wood sheets and slabs, beams, wooden blanks, finished wooden elements, which are used in various types of mechanical engineering (production of cars, ships, cars, aircraft, etc.), spare parts for furniture structures , matches, wooden containers, etc. During the period of post-war development in the USSR of almost all sectors of the national economy, the Soviet woodworking industry experienced an unprecedented rise; since 1957, the country ranked first in the world in terms of lumber production. Also, other socialist countries had a developed woodworking industry at that time - Poland, Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary and even Mongolia, and capitalist countries did not lag behind them: Norway, Sweden, Finland, Canada, etc. Today, the largest manufacturers of wood processing products are the USA, Russia, Canada, Japan, Brazil, India, France, Sweden, Finland, Germany;

Pulp and paper industry

The most complex branch of the forest industry. The basis of the activities of enterprises in this industry is the production of paper, cardboard and cellulose products from the remains of wood raw materials, using mechanical and chemical processing. In the USSR, pulp and paper mills were located on the territory of the Belarusian and Russian socialist republics. The Soviet Union was among the top ten leading countries in terms of production of paper and cardboard products; traditional competitors were the USA, Canada, Sweden and Finland. Now the production of cellulose has been established on a large scale in developed countries of the northern hemisphere: the USA, Canada, Sweden, Finland, Japan and in one single country in the southern hemisphere, Brazil. Countries that produce paper in large volumes for export are Canada, the USA, and Japan. The production of paper and cardboard products in Asia (China, Thailand, Korea, etc.) is growing rapidly;

Wood chemical industry

It is based on the chemical processing of wood waste: production of rosin, phenol, alcohol (both ethyl and methyl), production of glue, acetone, camphor, etc. Since 1932, the USSR occupied second place in the world (1st place USA) in the production of camphor and rosin; many forest chemical enterprises producing charcoal, camphor, rosin and turpentine were located in Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania, Czechoslovakia, Poland and Yugoslavia. Capitalist competitors are the USA, Canada, Sweden, Finland, Spain, Mexico, Portugal, France and Greece. Currently, the leading positions in the export of forest chemical products are occupied by the USA, Great Britain, Russia, Switzerland, Germany, Spain, Italy, Poland, Hungary, etc.

Russian forest industry

It plays one of the main roles in the economy of the state, on whose territory ¼ of all forest resources of our planet are located. The structure of the forestry complex of the Russian Federation includes about 20 industries, the main ones:

Forestry complex. It is the basic direction of the entire timber industry complex of the Russian Federation. Previously, the USSR was second in wood exports, now Russia is sixth or seventh, supplying wood raw materials to Europe and Asia. Geographically, logging is carried out in the Far East, the European North of the Russian Federation, the Urals, and in the regions of Eastern Siberia;

Woodworking. It is the most labor-intensive industry, the range of products is wide and varied. Plywood is made mainly from birch; enterprises in this industry are located in the Northern (Arkhangelsk region), Northwestern and Ural (Perm and Sverdlovsk regions) regions. Most of the sawmilling enterprises operate in the European part of Russia, producing sheets and boards from wood chip waste - near logging sites and sawmills, furniture production in large cities, matches (from aspen) - in the areas where the raw material base is located.

Pulp and paper industry. The raw materials for it are coniferous trees, the leading production areas are Karelian, Volgo-Vyatka and Ural;
Timber chemical complex. It consists of two main areas: the hydrolysis industry (production of alcohol, glycerin, turpentine, rosin, etc.), the main raw material is waste from the woodworking industry, and the production of various plastics, synthetic fiber, linoleum, cellophane, etc., raw materials - waste from pulp and paper mills.

World development trends

Depending on the places of concentration of forests on our planet, the following zones are distinguished:

Northern. This is the territory of taiga forests on the Eurasian and North American continents, where coniferous timber is harvested. A number of developed countries of the Eurasian and North American continents (USA, Russia, Finland, Canada, Sweden) specialize in the supply of wood raw materials on an international scale.
Southern. Hardwood timber is harvested in three main regions of the globe - the forests of Brazil, tropical Africa and southeast Asia. Huge reserves of wood raw materials are concentrated on the South American continent, from where it is exported to Europe and Japan for further processing, or used as fuel for heating homes. In countries located in the southern hemisphere, alternative raw materials (not wood) are widely used for the production of paper products: bamboo branches are processed in India, sisal in Brazil and Tanzania, jute in Bangladesh, and sugar cane pulp in Peru.

The uneven distribution of forest resources, which are classified as renewable, poses the threat of their excessive use, which can lead to total deforestation of territories. For example, uncontrolled deforestation of moist equatorial forests has already led to large-scale environmental problems in Brazil and Mexico.

The developing countries of Asia, Africa and South America are increasing the procurement of wood raw materials every year, and China and India have already appeared among the traditional developed countries (USA, Canada, Finland, etc.), which were previously among the top ten procurement countries , Brazil and Indonesia, Nigeria and Congo. However, in developed countries, the percentage of industrial (high-quality) wood exceeds the share of firewood (used for fuel) several times, and in the countries of Latin America and Asia this picture is completely opposite. In the USA, Sweden, Finland, Canada, etc. In the structure of fuel consumption, firewood takes up from 3 to 12%, while in African countries - up to 78%, in China - up to 65%, in South America, about 57% of all harvested wood raw materials is used for firewood.

Abroad, the logging industry, as a rule, is an integral part of forestry. It occupied an important place in the national economy of the former USSR.

Story

Until the 20th century, logging in Russia was carried out in limited quantities, with production operations for logging and wood removal being carried out manually.

Structure

In general, the logging industry includes several main industries:

logging, which is a complex of logging operations and timber removal;
forest clearing, which includes work on the extraction of resin and the preparation of stump resin;
timber rafting, including primary (mainly along small rivers) and transit (mainly along large rivers, including reservoirs), including work on the initial rolling of wood onto the water, the formation of rafts and its direct rafting;
timber transshipment - transfer of forest products from one type of transport to another.

Write a review on the article "Logging industry"

Notes

Literature

T. G. Morozova, M. P. Pobedina, G. B. Polyak, S. S. Shishov. Regional economics: Textbook for universities, 2001;
Forest is the national wealth of the Soviet people. Sat., ed. N.V. Timofeeva, M., 1967;
Rodnenkov M. G., Mechanization and technology of logging operations, M., 1966;
Medvedev N. A., Economics of the forest industry, M., 1970.

Excerpt characterizing the logging industry

“Anna Ignatievna wants to see you, Nicolas,” she said, pronouncing the words in such a voice: Anna Ignatievna, that it now became clear to Rostov that Anna Ignatievna is a very important lady. - Let's go, Nicholas. After all, you allowed me to call you that?
- Oh yes, ma tante. Who is this?
– Anna Ignatievna Malvintseva. She heard about you from her niece, how you saved her... Can you guess?..
– You never know I saved them there! - said Nikolai.
- Her niece, Princess Bolkonskaya. She is here in Voronezh with her aunt. Wow! how he blushed! What, or?..
– I didn’t even think about it, ma tante.
- Well, okay, okay. ABOUT! what are you like!
The governor's wife led him to a tall and very fat old woman in a blue cape, who had just finished her card game with the most important persons in the city. This was Malvintseva, Princess Marya's maternal aunt, a rich childless widow who always lived in Voronezh. She stood paying for the cards when Rostov approached her. She narrowed her eyes sternly and importantly, looked at him and continued to scold the general who had won against her.
“I’m very glad, my dear,” she said, holding out her hand to him. - You are welcome to me.
After talking about Princess Marya and her late father, whom Malvintseva apparently did not love, and asking about what Nikolai knew about Prince Andrei, who also apparently did not enjoy her favors, the important old woman let him go, repeating the invitation to be with her.
Nikolai promised and blushed again when he bowed to Malvintseva. At the mention of Princess Marya, Rostov experienced an incomprehensible feeling of shyness, even fear.
Leaving Malvintseva, Rostov wanted to return to dancing, but the little governor’s wife put her plump hand on Nikolai’s sleeve and, saying that she needed to talk to him, led him to the sofa, from which those who were there came out immediately, so as not to disturb the governor’s wife.
“You know, mon cher,” said the governor’s wife with a serious expression on her kind little face, “this is definitely the match for you; Do you want me to marry you?
- Whom, ma tante? – Nikolai asked.
- I'm wooing the princess. Katerina Petrovna says that Lily, but in my opinion, no, is a princess. Want? I'm sure your maman will thank you. Really, what a lovely girl! And she's not that bad at all.
“Not at all,” Nikolai said, as if offended. “I, ma tante, as a soldier should, do not ask for anything and do not refuse anything,” Rostov said before he had time to think about what he was saying.
- So remember: this is not a joke.
- What a joke!
“Yes, yes,” said the governor’s wife, as if speaking to herself. - But here’s what else, mon cher, entre autres. Vous etes trop assidu aupres de l "autre, la blonde. [my friend. You look after the blonde one too much.] The husband is really pathetic, really...
“Oh no, we’re friends,” Nikolai said in the simplicity of his soul: it never occurred to him that such a fun pastime for him could not be fun for anyone.
“What a stupid thing I said, however, to the governor’s wife! – Nikolai suddenly remembered during dinner. “She’ll definitely start wooing, and Sonya?..” And, saying goodbye to the governor’s wife, when she, smiling, once again told him: “Well, remember,” he took her aside:
- But to tell you the truth, ma tante...
- What, what, my friend; Let's go sit here.
Nikolai suddenly felt the desire and need to tell all his innermost thoughts (those that he would not have told his mother, sister, friend) to this almost stranger. Nikolai later, when he recalled this impulse of unprovoked, inexplicable frankness, which, however, had very important consequences for him, it seemed (as it always seems to people) that he had found a stupid verse; and yet this outburst of frankness, together with other minor events, had enormous consequences for him and for the whole family.
- That's it, ma tante. Maman has long wanted to marry me to a rich woman, but the thought alone disgusts me, marrying for money.
“Oh yes, I understand,” said the governor’s wife.
– But Princess Bolkonskaya, that’s another matter; first of all, I’ll tell you the truth, I really like her, she’s after my heart, and then, after I met her in this position, it’s so strange, it often occurred to me that this was fate. Think especially: maman has been thinking about this for a long time, but I had never met her before, as it all happened: we didn’t meet. And at a time when Natasha was her brother’s fiancée, because then I would not have been able to think about marrying her. It’s necessary that I met her exactly when Natasha’s wedding was upset, and then that’s it... Yes, that’s what. I haven't told this to anyone and I won't tell it. And only to you.

Despite the fact that the main resources of mature and overmature wood are located in the eastern regions of Russia, the main logging areas are the European regions - the North and Volgo-Vyatka, which leads to overcutting and harms forest resources. In the future, it is necessary to significantly reduce logging in these areas, since the importance of the eastern regions as the most important sources of wood raw materials is increasing. At the same time, it is necessary to take measures to make the fullest use of the logging fund and increase the yield of round timber as a result of improving the cutting and sorting of wood. Large timber industry complexes have been created in which work is carried out on harvesting, complete deep processing of wood and reproduction of the forest fund. New timber processing complexes are especially promising in the eastern regions of Russia: Bratsky, Ust-Ilimsky, Asinovsky, Yenisei, Amur.

The weak link in the development of the logging industry is logging roads, which do not allow for the full transportation of timber from deep forest areas to the transport highways of Russia. One of the important problems of the logging industry is also the creation of intermediate warehouses on logging roads for storing timber reserves for its subsequent transportation. An important problem is the disposal of wood waste during logging, i.e. the use of branches and stumps. Currently, this most valuable raw material is being destroyed to a large extent. The technical equipment of the logging industry is also at a low level. All this requires large capital investments, which can be solved by attracting foreign capital and creating mixed companies on mutually beneficial terms.

The sawmill industry is located mainly in the main logging areas and at the junctions of transport highways, at the intersection of railways and floating waterways. The main sawmilling regions in Russia are Northern, Volga-Vyatka, Central, Volga Region, Western and Eastern Siberia, and the Urals. The largest sawmills are located in Arkhangelsk, Kotlas, Perm, Krasnoyarsk, Bratsk, Yeniseisk, Lesosibirsk, Bratsk, Irkutsk, Barnaul, Novosibirsk, Abakan, Igarka, Chita, Khabarovsk, Lesozavodsk, Dalnerechensk, etc.

Furniture production is concentrated mainly in the Central, North-Western, Ural, North Caucasus, and Volga regions of Russia. New furniture production centers have been created in Siberia and the Far East.

Standard housing construction is located in the Urals, the European North and North-West, in the Volga-Vyatka, Central regions and Eastern Siberia. The largest house-building factories were created in the Novgorod region (Garfinsky), in the Leningrad region (Dubrovsky), in Karelia (Petrozavodsk), in the Kirov region (Vyatsko-Polyansky), in the North (Kotlassky), in the Urals (Ekaterinburg and Perm). Standard house building has also developed in the timber industry complexes of Siberia.

Chemical wood processing is becoming increasingly important. As a result of chemical processing of wood, cellulose, paper, cardboard, charcoal, resin, rosin, phenol, turpentine, tar, acetic acid, ethyl and methyl alcohol, glucose, acetone, tannins, artificial fibers, vitamins, camphor, glue, gunpowder are obtained and many other substances. Forest chemical products are used in the production of synthetic rubber, rubber products, photographic and film films, varnishes and paints, and plastics. They also receive drugs to combat diseases and pests of agricultural crops, and weed control agents. A significant amount of forest chemical products are consumed by the chemical-pharmaceutical, textile, light and food industries.

The wood chemical industry widely uses waste from the logging industry and mechanical processing of wood as raw materials - sawdust, pine needles, wood chips, twigs, bark, etc.

The most important branch of chemical wood processing is the pulp and paper industry. Various types of paper can be produced from sulfite pulp with the addition of wood pulp. Russia produces more than 200 main types of paper and more than 40 types of cardboard. In addition to various grades of writing paper, printing grades of paper, paper for banknotes, paper is also produced for industrial and technical purposes, for example, capacitor, cable, insulating, photo-semiconductor, paper for transmitting images at a distance and recording electrical impulses, anti-corrosion, etc. Some types of paper are produced into yarn for making twine, twine, coarse fabrics, burlap, etc. Paper for wrapping and bitumen pipes is also produced. Technical grades of paper and cardboard are widely used for the production of corrugated cardboard, book bindings, in the automotive and electrical industries, radio engineering as electrical, thermal, sound insulating and waterproof material, for filtering diesel fuel and purifying air from harmful impurities, for insulating power cables as gaskets between machine parts; in the construction industry for the production of dry plaster, roofing materials (tar paper, roofing felt), etc. By treating highly porous paper with a concentrated solution of zinc chloride, fiber is obtained, from which suitcases, containers for liquids, helmets for miners, etc. are produced.

Waste from sawmilling and mechanical processing of wood, as well as lower-quality small-leaved wood, are widely used as feedstock for pulp and paper production. To produce pulp, not only wood raw materials are used, but also large amounts of heat, electricity and water. Therefore, when locating pulp and paper enterprises, not only the raw material factor, but also the water factor and the proximity of the energy source are taken into account.

The main centers of the pulp and paper industry are located in the Northern region: Arkhangelsk, Syktyvkar, Kotlas, Kondopoga, Segezha; Ural region - Krasnokamsk, Solikamsk, Krasnovishersk, Novaya Lyalya; Volga-Vyatka region - Balakhna, Volzhsk, Pravdinsk. Almost 2/3 of all paper is produced in these three regions of Russia alone.

In the last 20 years, under the influence of the raw material factor, the pulp and paper industry has developed in Siberia (Krasnoyarsk, Bratsk, Ust-Ilimsk, Asino) and in the Far East (Amursk). The pulp and paper industry is developed on Sakhalin (Uglegorsk, Dolinsk, Makarov).

The production of artificial fibers and threads is inextricably linked with the pulp and paper industry. Artificial fibers (viscose, acetate, etc.) are produced from natural raw materials, for example, wood, as well as cellulose.

In terms of production scale and economic importance, the second place among the forest chemical industries after the pulp and paper industry belongs to the hydrolysis industry. In hydrolysis production, ethyl alcohol, protein yeast, glucose, furfural, carbon dioxide, lignin, sulfite-alcohol stillage concentrates, thermal insulation and construction lignoplasts and other chemical products are produced from non-edible plant raw materials. Hydrolysis plants use sawdust and other sawmill and woodworking waste, and crushed wood chips as raw materials.

The main product of hydrolysis production - ethyl alcohol - is used in the food industry, agriculture, production of building materials, and medicine. The main centers of hydrolysis production: Arkhangelsk, St. Petersburg, Saratov, Volgograd, Solikamsk, Sokol, Tavda, Krasnoyarsk, Zima, Tulun, Bratsk, Biryusa, Kansk, and the village of Khorsky in the Khabarovsk Territory. Hydrolysis production has been developed in Tatarstan and Bashkortostan.

Chemical-mechanical processing of wood includes the production of plywood, chipboards and fibreboards. Wood from the least scarce deciduous species - birch, alder, linden - is processed into plywood. Several types of plywood are produced in Russia: glued, facing, thermal, fire-resistant, colored, furniture, decorative, etc. The largest plywood factories are located in the Komi Republic, Vologda, Novgorod regions, in the Urals, in the Volga-Vyatka region and in the Eastern Siberia. Famous plywood factories are located in St. Petersburg, Ust-Izhersk, Zhezhart, Cherepovets, Kostroma, Murmansk, the Urals, Perm, Tavda, Tobolsk, Bratsk, Tomsk, Lesosibirsk, and the Amur. A large plywood factory is located in the Primorsky Territory. The production of wood-fiber and particle boards is carried out in the Northern, Volga-Vyatka, Central regions, the Urals and Eastern Siberia.

The role of the raw material factor in the location of forest industry sectors is enhanced by the integrated use of wood, on the basis of which a combination of production arises. In the densely forested regions of Russia, large timber processing complexes have emerged and are developing - Syktyvkar, Tavdinsky, Bratsky, Ust-Ilimsky, Asinsky, Yenisei, Amur. They represent a combination of logging and many wood industries, interconnected by the deep, comprehensive use of raw materials.

The main direction of development of the forestry industries in the conditions of the formation and development of market relations is the accelerated growth in the production of progressive types of products, a reduction in the export of round timber and lumber and an increase in the production and export of finished products of mechanical and chemical processing of wood. At the same time, the most important task is to make fuller use of forest resources without damaging the environment, and to create integrated enterprises for forest growing, harvesting and wood processing.

Increasing forest productivity is the most important task of the forestry industries. Its solution lies in further improving the methods of reproduction of forest resources and the species composition of crops, taking into account forest growing zones, types of forests and the intensity of forestry production. Forest care, conservation and protection are especially necessary.

The irrational distribution of forestry industries leads to the fact that, despite the presence of huge forest resources in certain regions of Russia, there is an acute shortage of raw materials, as a result of which there is a need to reduce production and increase the export of forest raw materials and products from other countries, in particular from Finland and Sweden. This deficit applies primarily to the European regions of Russia, where there are significant overcuts and insufficient reforestation work is being carried out. At the same time, in many forest areas of Siberia, valuable wood is disappearing, and the number of ripe and overmature trees is increasing. The forest is losing its industrial qualities. This problem can be solved only with huge capital investments, the construction of logging roads, equipping the industry with the latest technology and attracting labor to logging. It is necessary to attract foreign capital and create mixed companies, since many countries around the world are interested in Russian forest resources, and the quality of Russian forests is the highest in the world.

In addition, government programs are needed that provide measures for the protection of forests and their rational use. The set of measures for forest protection and reproduction should first of all include updating and improving the composition of tree species with the help of fast-growing and highly productive species, especially conifers - pine, cedar, spruce, fir. Technical methods of influencing the natural conditions of forest growth and measures to combat losses of raw materials during operation must be developed and implemented.

Reforestation measures include reclamation, the introduction of soil-improving trees, shrubs and herbaceous plants, the use of fertilizers, means of protecting trees from harmful insects, and improvement of microclimatic logging of tracts using various logging systems.

The way out of the crisis is seen in the creation of mixed companies and attraction of foreign investment. A number of joint ventures and joint-stock companies have already been organized. To meet Russia's needs for logging equipment, the Government of the Russian Federation decided to conclude a barter deal between JSC Exportles and Finnish and Swedish companies. With the participation of Finnish and Swedish economists, a program was drawn up and a contract was concluded for the strategic development of forestry industries in the European regions of Russia until 2005. This program provides for the following measures:

Creation of effective economic systems throughout the entire production cycle - from harvesting to deep processing of wood in accordance with the requirements for the protection and protection of forests and the prevention of harmful emissions into the atmosphere and water basin by wood chemical enterprises.

Creation of a progressive structure of consumption of products from the pulp, paper and woodworking industries.

Development of recommendations for maximum use of existing production capacities, including their technical re-equipment and modernization. Development and implementation of proposals for balancing infrastructure; for the construction of new and reconstruction of old enterprises.

Creation of an effective system for exporting all types of products from the timber industry. Development of recommendations for the balance sheet linkage of the forestry complex with other sectors of the national economy. Development of recommendations for the introduction of market mechanisms

Stages of logging activities. Stages of logging activities Video: Russian forest industry

Story [ | ]

Structure [ | ]

see also [ | ]

Notes [ | ]

Literature [ | ]