However, this list strongly diverges from official data on the composition of the first Council of People's Commissars. Firstly, writes Russian historian Yuri Emelyanov in his work “Trotsky. Myths and Personality,” it includes people’s commissars from various compositions of the Council of People’s Commissars, which have changed many times. Secondly, according to Emelyanov, Dikiy mentions a number of people’s commissariats that never existed at all! For example, on cults, on elections, on refugees, on hygiene... But the actually existing People's Commissariats of Railways, Posts and Telegraphs are not included in the Wild's list at all!
Further: Dikiy claims that the first Council of People's Commissars included 20 people, although it is known that there were only 15 of them.
A number of positions are listed inaccurately. Thus, Chairman of the Petrosovet G.E. Zinoviev never actually held the post of People's Commissar of Internal Affairs. Proshyan, whom Dikiy for some reason calls “Protian,” was the People’s Commissar of Posts and Telegraphs, not of Agriculture.
Several of the mentioned “members of the Council of People’s Commissars” were never members of the government. I.A. Spitsberg was an investigator of the VIII liquidation department of the People's Commissariat of Justice. It is generally unclear who is meant by Lilina-Knigissen: either the actress M.P. Lilina, or Z.I. Lilina (Bernstein), who worked as head of the public education department of the executive committee of the Petrograd Soviet. Cadet A.A. Kaufman participated as an expert in the development of land reform, but also had nothing to do with the Council of People's Commissars. The name of the People's Commissar of Justice was not Steinberg at all, but Steinberg...

Last time Vladimir Putin entertains his beloved subjects not only with brutal aphorisms like “we’ll soak you in the toilet” and “you’ll be tired of swallowing dust,” but also with outstanding discoveries in the field of history. According to the president, the Russian army in the Seven Years' War was commanded by someone who died thirty years before it began. Peter I. The garrison of the Brest Fortress, of which even Chechen researchers find it difficult to find barely three percent of their fellow tribesmen, consisted of as many as a third of proud Vainakhs. The Bolsheviks, hushing up the First World War, introduced chapters about it into the school history course, and published the works of its participants, such as generals, in thousands of copies Andrey Zayonchkovsky And Alexey Brusilov, and even greater - the work of modern researchers such as Barbara Tuckman And Nikolai Yakovlev…

Vladimir Vladimirovich’s latest historical revelation was noted during a visit to the Moscow Jewish Museum and the Tolerance Center operating there, where, at the suggestion of the head of state, over 60 thousand ancient books and documents were transferred from the library of the head of the Hasidic Jewish religious movement “Chabad” Joseph Schneerson. To emphasize his generosity, the president reminded the grateful rabbis of those who took away their precious books and subtly mentioned the nationality of the expropriators.

“The decision to nationalize this library was made by the first Soviet government, and its members were approximately 80-85 percent Jewish. — Putin was denounced by the Bolshevik Council of People's Commissars. “But they, guided by false ideological considerations, then went for arrests and repressions of both Jews and Orthodox Christians, representatives of other faiths, and Muslims. They all were treated with the same brush. And these ideological blinders and false ideological guidelines, thank God, collapsed. And today we are, in fact, handing over these books to the Jewish community with a smile. I congratulate all of us on this event.”

It’s unlikely that Putin knows where the 85% in his report came from, but since the referents still won’t tell, this is not the first time that the sinner I have had to fill in the gap in presidential education. I inform you: the ominous figure was taken from the book of an emigrant writer Andrei Dikiy (Zankevich) “Jews in the USSR”, where this is the composition of the Council of People’s Commissars.

“Council of People's Commissars (Sovnarkom, SNK) 1918: Lenin- chairman, Chicherin— foreign affairs, Russian; Lunacharsky- enlightenment, Jew; Dzhugashvili (Stalin) - nationality, Georgians; Protian- agriculture, Armenian; Larin (Lurie)- economic council, Jew; Schlichter- supply, Jew; Trotsky (Bronstein)- army and navy, Jew; Lander- state control, Jew; Kaufman- state property, Jew; V. Schmidt- labor, Jew; Lilina (Knigissen)- public health, Jewish; Spitsberg- cults, Jew; Zinoviev (Apfelbaum) - internal affairs, Jew; Anvelt- hygiene, Jew; Isidor Gukovsky- finance, Jew; Volodarsky- seal, Jew; Uritsky- elections, Jew; I. Steinberg- justice, Jew; Fengstein- refugees, Jew. In total, out of 20 people’s commissars, there is one Russian, one Georgian, one Armenian and 17 Jews.”

According to Zankevich, 85% are indeed Jews, but even a cursory glance at his list irrefutably proves that the author is lying. His “first Council of People’s Commissars” has been replaced by several subsequent ones, and the names and nationalities of the commissars are mixed up. Thus, the left Socialist Revolutionary Isaac Steinberg was indeed a Jew and the People's Commissar of Justice, but only from December 10, 1917, when his party decided to enter the government. Another left Socialist Revolutionary, the Armenian Prosh Proshyan, from that same day took the post of People's Commissar of Posts and Telegraphs, and not of Agriculture. Among the Jews Zankevich included the Estonian Jan Anvelt, the Russian Anatoly Lunacharsky, the Germans Karl Lander and Vasily Shmidt, of which only Lunacharsky was actually a member of the first Soviet government. Jews Grigory Zinoviev (Apfelbaum) And Moses Volodarsky (Goldstein) the first Council of People's Commissars were not included, but Jewish people's commissars Kaufman, Lilina (Knigissen), Fengstein And Spitsberg didn't exist at all.

Meanwhile, who was who in the first composition of the Council of People's Commissars, formed on October 26 (November 8), 1917, immediately after the October Revolution, has long been known from the corresponding resolution published in the 35th volume of the complete works of the Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars and a quarter of a Jew - Vladimir Ulyanov (Lenin). In addition to him, the government included:

People's Commissar for Internal Affairs - Alexey Rykov, Russian.

People's Commissar of Agriculture - Vladimir Milyutin, Russian.

People's Commissar of Labor - Alexander Shlyapnikov, Russian.

The People's Commissariat for Military and Naval Affairs is a committee consisting of: Vladimir Ovseenko (Antonov), Pavel Dybenko And Nikolai Krylenko(the first two are Ukrainians, the third is perhaps half or a quarter Jewish, but with the same success his grandfather, the foreman of the volost administration Abram Korneevich Krylenko, could also be Russian, who received his name at baptism from the priest according to the calendar).

People's Commissar for Trade and Industry Victor Nogin, Russian.

People's Commissar of Public Education - Anatoly Lunacharsky, Russian.

People's Commissar of Finance - Ivan Skvortsov (Stepanov), Russian.

People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs - Lev Bronstein (Trotsky), Jew.

People's Commissar of Justice - Georgy Oppokov (Lomov), Russian.

People's Commissar for Food Affairs - Ivan Teodorovich, Pole.

People's Commissar of Posts and Telegraphs - Nikolay Avilov (Glebov), Russian.

People's Commissar for Nationalities Affairs - Joseph Dzhugashvili (Stalin), Georgian.

Delirium of the Wild was popular among dwarf-type patriotic parties in the late 80s/early 90s. last century, but subsequently they stopped referring to it, fortunately there were already enough documents about the prohibitively high share of Jews in the ruling and punitive bodies. But Putin’s assistants are probably too lazy to go online once again, and they, taking advantage of the boss’s historical naivety, once again fed him a fake.

American media accused Putin of anti-Semitism

The largest Jewish newspaper in the United States, The Jewish Press, about anti-Semitism. It is a lie that the members of the first Soviet government “approximately 80-85% were Jews.” The newspaper strongly disagrees with these claims, calling them "an old anti-Semitic lie."

“Some false anti-Semitic statements do not die,” writes the author of the publication and laments that they are again being made public by “brutal Russian and other politicians,” and this can bring “a lot of pain” to Jews in their countries. The publication calls on all journalists to fight such statements, especially when they are heard from high political heights.

To prove that the Soviet government was not in fact Jewish, the newspaper provides a list of people's commissars, indicating which of the Red commissars had Jewish roots, and ultimately comes to the conclusion that only Leon Trotsky was “definitely a Jew”, and the rest are not here. how.

The newspaper classified Vladimir Lenin, who died in 1924, as a non-Jew (Lenin’s Jewish roots were hidden for a long time by the CPSU Central Committee. - Note KM.RU).

Government Secretary Nikolai Petrovich Gorbunov, executed in 1938, is not a Jew.

People's Commissar of the RSFSR for Agriculture Vladimir Pavlovich Milyutin, executed in 1937, is not a Jew.

People's Commissar Nikolai Krylenko, executed in 1938, is not a Jew.

People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs Pavel Dybenko, the “Ukrainian Cossack” executed in 1938, is not a Jew.

People's Commissar of Trade and Industry of the RSFSR Viktor Nogin, who died of natural causes in 1924, is not a Jew.

People's Commissar of Education of the RSFSR Anatoly Lunacharsky, who died of natural causes in 1933, is not a Jew.

People's Commissar of Food Ivan Teodorovich (Polish origin), executed in 1937: nowhere is there any mention that he was a Jew, which means he is not a Jew.

People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs of the RSFSR Leon Trotsky, killed in Mexico in 1940. This one is, yes, a Jew.

People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the RSFSR Alexey Rykov, whose parents were peasants from the village of Kukarka, executed in 1938, is very likely not a Jew.

People's Commissar of Justice of the RSFSR Georgy Opokov, dismissed in 1918 and executed in 1937, is not a Jew.

People's Commissar of Labor of the RSFSR Alexander Shlyapnikov, executed in 1937, comes from a family of Old Believers - something like Russian Protestants. Not a Jew, which his faith completely excludes.

People's Commissar of Nationalities Joseph Stalin, who died of natural causes in 1953, is as far from the Jews as possible.

People's Commissar of Posts and Telegraphs of the RSFSR Nikolai Glebov-Avilov, executed in 1937, is not a Jew.

People's Commissar of Railways of the RSFSR - the position was vacant, so there were no Jews there.

People's Commissar of Finance Ivan Skvortsov-Stepanov, who died of natural causes in 1928, was not a Jew.

People's Commissar for Social Affairs, then diplomat Alexandra Kollontai, who died of natural causes in 1952, was not Jewish.

Data from Wikipedia:

• Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars - Vladimir Ulyanov (Lenin)
• People's Commissar for Internal Affairs - A. I. Rykov
• People's Commissar of Agriculture - V. P. Milyutin
• People's Commissar of Labor - A. G. Shlyapnikov
• The People's Commissariat for Military and Naval Affairs is a committee consisting of: V. A. Ovseenko (Antonov) (in the text of the Decree on the formation of the Council of People's Commissars - Avseenko), N. V. Krylenko and P. E. Dybenko
• People's Commissar for Trade and Industry - V. P. Nogin
• People's Commissar of Public Education - A. V. Lunacharsky
• People's Commissar of Finance - I. I. Skvortsov (Stepanov)
• People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs - L. D. Bronstein (Trotsky)
• People's Commissar of Justice - G. I. Oppokov (Lomov)
• People's Commissar for Food Affairs - I. A. Teodorovich
• People's Commissar of Posts and Telegraphs - N. P. Avilov (Glebov)
• People's Commissar for Nationalities - I. V. Dzhugashvili (Stalin)
• The post of People's Commissar for Railway Affairs remained temporarily unfilled.

The vacant post of People's Commissar for Railway Affairs was later filled by M.T. Elizarov. On November 12, in addition to the Resolution on the creation of the Council of People's Commissars, Kollontai, Alexandra Mikhailovna, the first female minister in the world, was appointed People's Commissar of State Charity. On November 19, Essen, Eduard Eduardovich, was appointed People's Commissar of State Control.

The historical first composition of the Council of People's Commissars was formed in conditions of a tough struggle for power. In connection with the demarche of the executive committee of the Vikzhel railway trade union, which did not recognize the October Revolution and demanded the formation of a “uniform socialist government” from representatives of all socialist parties, the post of People's Commissar of Railways remained unfilled. Subsequently, in January 1918, the Bolsheviks managed to split the railway trade union by forming an executive committee, parallel to Vikzhel, Vikzhedor, consisting mainly of Bolsheviks and left Socialist Revolutionaries. By March 1918, Vikzhel's resistance was finally broken, and the main powers of both Vikzhel and Vikzhedor were transferred to the People's Commissariat of Railways.

The People's Commissariat for Military and Naval Affairs was formed as a collegium, consisting of Antonov-Ovseenko, Krylenko, Dybenko.

FORMATION OF THE SOVIET STATE 1917 – 1922.

WORKSHEET 1

Read the documents below and complete the tasks in them. Document 1

DECREE OF THE SECOND ALL-RUSSIAN CONGRESS OF SOVIETS ON THE FORMATION OF THE WORKERS AND PEASANTS GOVERNMENT∗

The All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies resolves:

To govern the country, until the convening of the Constituent Assembly, to form a Provisional Workers' and Peasants' Government, which will be called the Council of People's Commissars. The management of individual branches of state life is entrusted to commissions, the composition of which must ensure the implementation of the program proclaimed by the congress, in close unity with the mass organizations of workers, workers, sailors, soldiers, peasants and office workers. Government power belongs to the board of chairmen of these commissions, i.e. Council of People's Commissars.

Control over the activities of people's commissars and the right to remove them belongs to the All-Russian Congress of Councils of Workers', Peasants' and Soldiers' Deputies and its Central Executive Committee.

At the moment, the Council of People's Commissars is composed of the following persons: Chairman of the Council - Vladimir Ulyanov (Lenin).

People's Commissar for Internal Affairs - A.AND. Rykov. Agriculture – IN.P. Milyutin.

Labor – A.G. Shlyapnikov.

For military and naval affairs - a committee consisting of: IN.A. Ovseenko (Antonov), N.IN. Krylenko And F.M. Dybenko. For trade and industry affairs - IN.P. Nogin.

Public education - A.IN. Lunacharsky. Finance – AND.AND. Skvortsov (Stepanov).

For foreign affairs - L.D. Bronstein (Trotsky). Justice – G.AND. Oppokov (Lomov).

For food matters - AND.A. Teodorovich. Posts and telegraphs - N.P. Avilov (Glebov).

Chairman of Nationalities Affairs – AND.IN. Dzhugashvili (Stalin).

The post of People's Commissar for Railway Affairs remains temporarily unfilled.

Document 2

DECREE ON PEACE∗

The Workers' and Peasants' Government, created by the revolution of October 24–25 and based on the Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies, invites all warring peoples and their governments to immediately begin negotiations on a just democratic peace.

The just or democratic peace that the overwhelming majority of the exhausted, exhausted and war-torn workers and laboring classes of all the warring countries yearn for - the peace that the Russian workers and peasants most definitely and persistently demanded after the overthrow of the tsarist monarchy - is such a peace that the Government considers immediate a world without annexations (i.e. without the seizure of foreign lands, without the forced annexation of foreign nationalities) and without indemnities.

The Government of Russia proposes to conclude such a peace to all warring peoples immediately, expressing its readiness to immediately take, without the slightest delay, all decisive steps until the final approval of all the conditions of such a peace by authorized assemblies of people's representatives of all countries and all nations.

By annexation, or seizure, of foreign lands, the Government understands, in accordance with the legal consciousness of democracy in general and the working classes in particular, any accession to a large or strong state of a small or weak nationality without the precisely, clearly and voluntarily expressed consent and desire of this nationality, regardless of whether it is violent annexation is completed, regardless of how developed or backward the nation being forcibly annexed or forcibly retained within the borders of a given state is. Finally, regardless of whether this nation lives in Europe or in distant overseas countries.

If any nation is kept within the borders of a given state by force, if, contrary to its expressed desire, it does not matter whether this desire is expressed in the press, in popular assemblies, in party decisions or indignations and uprisings against the national oppression - the right is not granted by free vote, with the complete withdrawal of the troops of the annexing or generally stronger nation, to decide without the slightest coercion the question of the forms of state existence of this nation, then its annexation is annexation, i.e. capture and violence.

The Government considers it to be the greatest crime against humanity to continue this war over how to divide between strong and rich nations the weak nationalities they have captured and solemnly declares its determination to immediately sign peace terms ending this war on the specified terms, equally fair for all. without taking away nationalities conditions.

At the same time, the Government declares that it does not at all consider the above peace conditions to be ultimatum, i.e. agrees to consider all other peace conditions, insisting only on their proposal as quickly as possible by any belligerent country and on complete clarity, on the unconditional exclusion of any ambiguity and any mystery when proposing peace conditions.

The Government cancels secret diplomacy, for its part expressing its firm intention to conduct all negotiations completely openly before all the people, immediately proceeding to the full publication of secret agreements confirmed or concluded by the government of landowners and capitalists from February to October 25, 1917. The entire content of these secret agreements , since it is aimed, as in most cases it happened, at delivering benefits and privileges to Russian landowners and capitalists, at maintaining or increasing the annexations of the Great Russians, the Government declares it unconditionally and immediately cancelled.

Addressing the proposal to the governments and peoples of all countries to begin immediately open negotiations on concluding peace, the Government expresses for its part its readiness to conduct these negotiations both through written communications, by telegraph, and through negotiations between representatives of different countries or at a conference. -out representatives. To facilitate such negotiations, the Government appoints its plenipotentiary representative to neutral countries.

The government invites all governments and peoples of all warring countries to immediately conclude a truce, and for its part considers it desirable that this truce be concluded for no less than three months, i.e. for such a period during which it is quite possible both to complete peace negotiations with the participation of representatives of all, without exception, nationalities or nations drawn into the war or forced to participate in it, as well as to convene authorized meetings of people's representatives of all countries to finalize the terms peace.

Addressing this peace proposal to the governments and peoples of all warring countries, the Provisional Workers' and Peasants' Government of Russia also addresses in particular the class-conscious workers of the three most advanced nations of mankind and the largest states participating in the present war - England, France and Germany. The workers of these countries rendered the greatest services to the cause of progress and socialism, and great examples of the Chartist movement in England, a number of revolutions of world-historical significance carried out by the French proletariat, and finally, in the heroic struggle against the exclusive law in Germany and exemplary for the workers of the whole world the long, persistent, disciplined work of creating mass proletarian organizations in Germany - all these examples of proletarian heroism and historical creativity serve as our guarantee that the workers of these countries will understand the tasks that now lie upon them to liberate humanity from the horrors of war and its consequences, that these workers, through their all-round decisive and selflessly energetic activity, will help us successfully complete the cause of peace and at the same time the cause of liberation of the working and exploited masses of the population from all slavery and all exploitation.

Signed by Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars Vladimir Ulyanov (Lenin)

Tasks

1. What was the name of the first Soviet government and why its powers were declared temporary? 2. Which government bodies determined the composition of the Soviet government??

3. What did the Soviet government mean by proposal? « democratic world … without annexations and indemnities»?

4. What role did the Soviet government assign to the workers of the warring states in immediately ending the war??

1. The first Soviet government was called Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR. It was created temporarily until the convening of the Constituent Assembly. After the death of Nicholas 2, the right of inheritance passed to Mikhail Alexandrovich, who agreed to accept power only after popular elections for final power in the country. At the same time, the Soviets developed. As a result, dual power was established in the country.

2. Control over the activities of people's commissars and the right to remove them belongs to the All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers', Peasants' and Soldiers' Deputies and its Central Executive Committee.

3. " those. without the seizure of foreign lands, without the forcible annexation of foreign nationalities) and without indemnities.”

A large, strong state does not have the right to annex a small and weak nation, without the consent of the nation itself, no matter how backward it is, no matter where it is located. The state has no right to determine the form of state existence of the nation; this accession is annexation.

4. Immediate peace. The task of liberating humanity from the horrors of war and its consequences, and with their energetic activity the workers will help bring the matter to peace and free the working masses from all slavery and exploitation.

Document 3

ABOUT THE SITUATION IN THE TAMBOV VILLAGE 1919–1920∗

If they refuse to give the “surplus” supplies to the food brigades, the peasants are arrested in droves and their property is confiscated – from both the rich and the middle-class. And even the poor. Such confiscations, releasing peasants around the world, occur in most districts of the Tambov province. Usually the soldiers force the peasants themselves to load the carts with grain, goods and utensils, agricultural tools, and the confiscated property is taken to the nearest provincial or district town, where most often both the cart and the horse are left, and the peasant returns home beggarly if he is not arrested.

In Kirsanovsky district... the following method of punishing peasants is practiced: all their property is confiscated, adults are taken to forced labor camps, and children are taken to orphanages. Without encountering any resistance from the terrorized population, those authorized by the Soviet government in choosing punitive measures crossed the boundaries of everything human. In the winter of 1920, the provincial food commissar Goldin ordered that peasants hand over potatoes no smaller than an egg to the workers, threatening that if they were smaller, the cart and horse that would deliver the crop would be confiscated. This decree was not just a threat: the horse and harness of Roman Molodtsov, a peasant in the village of Tokarevka, were confiscated for transporting small potatoes to the Tokarevsky warehouse. In Bolshe-Lipovetsky district, a peasant who refused to hand over his grain was buried waist-deep in the ground, and he was kept in this position until he agreed to part with his last grain.

Before Easter, the Tambov provincial food detachments received from Moscow, from the People's Commissariat of Food, a telegram with an order to send a carload of geese to Moscow to the Central Committee of the RCP(b). The order was carried out. The Tambov committee did the same, and party members and their relatives received 30 pounds of geese.

All this, naturally, could not but cause protest from the peasantry. At first these were requests and complaints to those commissars and chiefs who seemed more fair to them, to those who committed injustice and atrocities.

In response, however, a wave of repression and terror rolled in, which ultimately caused the peasant war (in comparison with which Razinism or Pugachevism look like child’s play).

Document 4

FROM THE ORDER OF THE COMMANDER OF THE TROOPS OF THE TAMBOV PROVINCE M.N. TUKHACHEVSKY ON ACTIONS TO ELIMINATE THE REBELLION∗

All the peasants of Soviet Russia took up field improvements in agriculture with renewed vigor.

Only in the Tambov province, where the Socialist Revolutionary Party, a party against the working class and peasantry, had built a nest for itself, did banditry develop, which threatens to completely destroy the already ruined agriculture of the Tambov province...

The workers' and peasants' government decided to eradicate the Socialist Revolutionary gangs in the Tambov province as soon as possible, implementing the most decisive measures.

In pursuance of this, by resolution of the Plenipotentiary Commission of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, I order:

1. The troops of the Tambov province with the reinforcements they received should quickly destroy the bandit gangs.

3. The families of bandits who do not appear are strictly arrested, and their property is confiscated and distributed among peasants loyal to Soviet power.

Commander of the troops Chief of the General Staff

Tukhachevsky Kakurin

Tasks

1. Describe the methods, which carried out surplus appropriation in the Tambov province. 2. How did employees of food detachments exceed their powers??

3. What, In your, became the cause of mass discontent among peasants in the Tambov province?

4. What methods were used to suppress the peasant revolt of 1921 in the Tambov province?

1 .Confiscation of property from all segments of the population; In the Kirsanovsky district, all the property of the peasants is taken away, adults are taken to forced labor camps, and children are taken to orphanages.

2. Due to the fact that the Soviet government did not encounter any resistance among the population, punitive measures were tightened. “In the winter of 1920, the provincial food commissar Goldin ordered that the peasants hand over potatoes to food workers no less than the size of an egg, threatening that if they were smaller, a cart and a horse, who deliver the harvest will be confiscated. This decree was not just a threat: the horse and harness of Roman Molodtsov, a peasant from the village of Tokarevka, were confiscated for delivering small potatoes to the Tokarevsky warehouse.” For not delivering the grain, the peasant was buried waist-deep in the ground.

3. The facts presented in the document about the abuse of power by workers of food detachments, about bullying of peasants, they indicate that the discontent of the peasants began to increase and ultimately caused a peasant war, incomparable to the Pugachev war.

4. methods of suppressing the storm: 1. The troops of the Tambov province with the reinforcements they received should quickly destroy the bandit gangs.

2. All peasants who joined the gangs must immediately come to the disposal of the Soviet authorities, hand over their weapons and hand over the leaders to be brought before a military revolutionary tribunal. Bandits who voluntarily surrender do not face the death penalty.

3. Families of bandits who do not appear are strictly arrested, and their property is confiscated and distributed among peasants loyal to Soviet power.

4. The arrested families, if the bandit does not appear and surrender, will be resettled to remote regions of the RSFSR. 5. Bandits who fail to show up to surrender are considered illegal.

6. Honest peasants should not allow the mobilization and formation of gangs of bandits in the villages and report all gangs to the Red Army troops.

7. All military units of the Red Army, without exception, provide support to the peasants and steadily protect them from attacks by bandits.

8. This order is the last warning before decisive action and will be implemented strictly and steadily.

WORKSHEET 2

Define the following concepts and decipher the abbreviations.

Food detachment- during the period of war communism (it is important to note that the first food detachments appeared in the summer of 1917, under the auspices of the Provisional Government) an armed detachment that participated in food appropriation. The food detachments consisted mainly of workers, soldiers and sailors.

Combed- Committee of Kindness, an organ of Soviet power in rural areas during the years of “war communism”. They were created by decrees of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of June 11, 1918 and the Council of People's Commissars of August 6, 1918 with the purpose of:

"War Communism"- the name of the internal policy of the Soviet state, carried out in 1918 - 1921. in conditions of the Civil War. Its characteristic features were extreme centralization of economic management, nationalization of large, medium and even small industry (partially), state monopoly on many agricultural products, surplus appropriation, prohibition of private trade, curtailment of commodity-money relations, equalization in the distribution of material goods, militarization of labor. This policy was consistent with the principles on the basis of which, according to Marxists, a communist society should arise.

Labor mobilization –

Food dictatorship- a system of emergency measures of the Soviet government in 1918-21 to organize food supplies (centralization of food procurement and distribution, monopoly of grain trade, requisition of grain, surplus appropriation, etc.). Implemented by the People's Commissariat for Food, it caused mass protests by the peasantry. Canceled with the introduction of the New Economic Policy.

"The Dispossessed"- an unofficial name for a citizen of the RSFSR, USSR, deprived of voting rights in 1918-1936 according to the Constitutions of the RSFSR of 1918 and 1925.

Prodrazverstka- in Russia, a system of government measures, carried out during periods of military and economic crises, aimed at fulfilling the procurement of agricultural products. The principle of surplus appropriation was the obligatory delivery by producers to the state of an established (“deployed”) standard of products at prices set by the state.

CHON- special purpose units, “communist squads”, “military party detachments”, created at factory party cells (party cells), district, city, district and provincial party committees on the basis of a resolution of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) dated April 17, 1919 to provide assistance to Soviet authorities in the fight against counter-revolution, performing guard duty at particularly important facilities, etc.

VOKhR- (troops of the internal security of the republic) - troops of the Cheka, OGPU, NKVD of the RSFSR (USSR), whose task included the protection and defense of especially important facilities, escorting cargo, guarding places of deprivation of liberty.

Cheka – All-Russian Extraordinary Commission for Combating Counter-Revolution and Sabotage under the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR (1917-1922). Formed on December 7 (20), 1917. Liquidated with the transfer of powers to the State Political Administration (GPU NKVD RSFSR) under the NKVD RSFSR on February 6, 1922. The Cheka was the body of the “dictatorship of the proletariat” for the protection of state security of the RSFSR, “the leading body in the fight against counter-revolution throughout the country.” The Cheka had territorial divisions to “fight counter-revolution on the ground.”

WORKSHEET 3

Fill the table.

First Soviet government

Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars IN AND. Lenin

Narcotics and People's Commissars

Titles People's Commissars

Select from the solutions provided, actions , indicate , which characterize :

a) “emergency” b) “war communism”

1. Resolution of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee on the transformation of the Soviet Republic into a single military camp.

2. Mass terror as the physical destruction of opponents, intimidation of the population.

3. Introduction of committees of poor people.

4. Creation of the Council of Workers' and Peasants' Defense. 5. Refusal of terror against the masses.

6. Emergency bodies that acted outside the law, using special powers and dictatorial methods.

7. Limitation of the actions of governing bodies within the framework of revolutionary legality.

Answer: a) 1 b) 6

Fill the table.

Dear sirs and comrades! In order to avoid repeating historically false myths regarding Jewish Bolsheviks, I ask you not to confuse the government and party activists. And don’t make gross historical mistakes.

Of the 15 people who were part of the First Soviet Government, there were 6 Russians (Avilov-Glebov, Lenin, Milyutin, Nogin, Oppokov-Lomov, Rykov, Skvortsov-Stepanov, Shlyapnikov), 4 Ukrainians (Dybenko, Lunacharsky, Krylenko, Ovseenko), 1 a Pole (Teodorovich), 1 Georgian and 1 Jew (Trotsky). During the entire existence of the Council of People's Commissars during Lenin's lifetime, only 5 out of 58 people's commissars were Jews, two of them (I. Steinberg and I. Gukovsky) were not even Bolsheviks. Only once and for a very short time (1917-19) the chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, the highest legislative body of power in Soviet Russia (the equivalent of parliament), was a Jew (Ya. Sverdlov). THESE ARE THE FACTS AND THEY ARE IMMEDIATE.

There were many more Jews in the leadership of the Bolshevik Party. Thus, at the 6th Congress (July 6 - August 3, 1917 in Petrograd), five Jews were elected to the Central Committee of the Bolshevik Party from 21 people: G. Zinoviev, L. Trotsky, J. Sverdlov, M. Uritsky and G. Sokolnikov. L. Kamenev was a Jew only through his father, who was also baptized into Orthodoxy. In 1919, out of 19 members of the Central Committee, there were “three and a half” Jews: Trotsky, Zinoviev, Kamenev and K. Radek. Five of the seven above-mentioned persons were destroyed by Stalin. Uritsky, having spent 5 months as chairman of the Petrograd Cheka, was killed in 1918 by a friend of the poet S. Yesenin, the Russian poet Leonid Kannegiesser, who stated immediately after his arrest that he did this to atone for the guilt of his nation for what the Jewish Bolsheviks had done: “I Jew. I killed a Jewish vampire who drank the blood of the Russian people drop by drop. I tried to show the Russian people that for us Uritsky is not a Jew. He is a renegade. I killed him in the hope of restoring the good name of Russian Jews."

The government of S. Petliura included Jewish parties, the government of the Directory solemnly proclaimed the policy of national autonomy and granting Jews all national-political rights, and also created the Ministry of Jewish Affairs, which was headed by the leader of the Jewish People's Party Yakov Zeev Wolf Latsky-Bertoldi, and after him - the leader of the United Jewish Socialist Workers' Party, Moses Zilberfarb, and in which the representative of the Poalei Zion party, Abram Revutsky, and others worked.

Nestor Makhno severely punished anti-Semitism in the ranks of his army. This is a historical fact. The staff of N. Makhno included the famous anarchist Judas Solomonovich Grossman, his counterintelligence was headed by the Jew Lev Zadov (Zinkovsky), the prominent anarchist Vsevolod Volin (Eikhenbaum) collaborated with him, another prominent Jewish anarchist Aron Davidovich Baron was a member of the Council of Revolutionary Insurgents under the Makhnovist army .

Both Petlyura and Makhno can hardly be considered responsible for the pogroms, since both of them did not have sufficient power over the undisciplined parts of the armies nominally subordinate to them. Later, such leaders of the Jewish movement as V. Zhabotinsky, A. Margolin, S. Goldelman, I. Dobkovsky spoke in defense of the late Petliura from accusations of pogroms.

At the same time, a considerable number of Jews who found themselves among the Bolshevik leadership, all together constituted an insignificant minority of the many millions of Russian Jewry. The majority of Jewish revolutionaries, religious and non-religious, were concentrated in the parties of the Cadets, Mensheviks and Socialist Revolutionaries. All Bolshevik Jews were active opponents of Judaism. “The majority of Russian Jewry was as far from the communists as the majority of all other peoples of Russia. In the provinces where a significant part of the population were Jews, they voted in November 1917 either for the democratic socialists (Socialist Revolutionaries and Mensheviks) or for the Zionists. Intelligent Jewry preferred the cadets" [cit. from “History of Russia. XX century: 1894-1938", M.: Astrel, 2009, p. 646]. .