There is such a group of peoples - Finno-Ugric. My roots- from there (I come from Udmurtia, my father and his parents are from Komi), although I am considered Russian, and the nationality in my passport is Russian. Today I will tell you about my discoveries and research of these peoples.
The Finno-Ugric peoples are usually classified as:
1) Finns, Estonians, Hungarians.
2) In Russia - Udmurts, Komi, Mari, Mordovians and other Volga peoples.
How can all these peoples belong to one group? Why do Hungarians and Finns and Udmurts have practically a common language, although between them there are completely alien peoples of other language groups - Poles, Lithuanians, Russians..?

I did not plan to conduct such a study, it just happened. It all started with the fact that I went on a business trip to the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug of Ugra for work. Do you feel the similarity of the name? Ugra - Finno-Ugric peoples.
Then I visited the Kaluga region, where there is a very large and long river, the Ugra, the main tributary of the Oka.
Then, quite by accident, I learned other things, until it all came together in my head into a single picture. I will present it to you now. Which of you is a historian, you can write a dissertation on this. I don’t need this, I already wrote and defended it at one time, albeit on a different topic and a different subject - economics (I am a Ph.D. in Economics). I’ll say right away that the official versions do not support this, and the peoples of Ugra are not classified as Finno-Ugric.

It was the 3rd-4th centuries AD. These centuries are usually called the Epoch of the Great Migration of Peoples. Peoples moved from the East (Asia) to the West (Europe). Other peoples were forced out and driven out from their homes, and they were also forced to go to the West.
While in Western Siberia, at the confluence of the Ob and Irtysh rivers, the people of Ugra lived. Then the peoples of Khanty and Mansi came to them from the East, drove them out of their lands, and the Yugra peoples had to go to the West in search of new lands. Part of the Ugra peoples, of course, remained. Until now, this district is called Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug-Ugra. However, in museums and among local historians of Khanty-Mansiysk, I heard a version that the peoples of Ugra are also not local and before they were forced out by the Khanty and Mansi, they also came from somewhere in the East - from Siberia.
So, The people of Ugra crossed the Ural Mountains and reached the banks of the Kama River. Some went against the flow to the North (this is how the Komi appeared), some crossed the river and remained in the area of ​​the Kama River (this is how the Udmurts appeared, another name for the Votyaks), and most boarded boats and sailed down the river. At that time, the easiest way for people to move was along rivers.
During their movement, first along the Kama, and then along the Volga (to the West), the peoples of Ugra settled on the banks. So all the Finno-Ugric peoples of Russia today live along the banks of the Volga - these are the Mari, the Mordovians and others. And now the people of Ugra reach a fork in the road (marked on the map with a Red flag). This is the confluence of the Volga and Oka rivers (now this is the city of Nizhny Novgorod).

Some people walk along the Volga to the North-West, where it reaches Finland and then Estonia, and settles there.
Some go along the Oka to the South-West. Now in the Kaluga region there is a very large river Ugra (a tributary of the Oka) and evidence of the Vyatichi tribes (aka Votyaks). The peoples of Ugra lived there for a while and, carried by the general current from the East, moved on until they reached Hungary, where all the remnants of these peoples finally settled.

In the end, peoples from the East came to Europe, to Germany, where they had their own barbarians, there was an overabundance of peoples in Western Europe and all this spilled out into the fact that in search of free land, the most western peoples in this migration were the barbarian Huns under the leadership of Attila - invaded the Roman Empire, captured and burned Rome and Rome fell. Thus ended the 1200-year history of the Great Roman Empire and the Dark Middle Ages began.
And the Finno-Ugric peoples also contributed to all this.
When everything settled down by the 5th century, it turned out that a tribe of Russians lived on the banks of the Dnieper, who founded the city of Kyiv and Kievan Rus. God knows where these Russians came from, they came from somewhere in the East, they followed the Huns. They certainly did not live in this place before, because several million people passed through modern Ukraine (towards Western Europe) - hundreds of different peoples and tribes.
What was the reason, the impetus for the start of this Great Migration of Peoples, which lasted at least 2 centuries, scientists still do not know; they are only building hypotheses and guesses.

4 849 000
3 146 000—3 712 000
1 888 000
1 433 000
930 000
520 500
345 500
315 500
293 300
156 600
40 000
250—400

Finno- Ugric peoples -

After Slavic and Turkic this group of peoples is the third largest among everyone peoples Russia . Out of 25 million Finno-Ugrians There are more than 3 million planets now living on territories Russia. In our country they are represented by 16 nations, five of which have their own national-state, and two - national-territorial entities. The rest are dispersed throughout the country.

According to the 1989 census, in Russia there were 3,184,317 representatives Finno-Ugric peoples Of these, the number of Mordvins was 1,072,939 people, Udmurts - 714,833, Mari- 643698, Komi - 336309, Komi - Permyaks - 147269, Karelians - 124921, Khanty - 22283, Vepsians - 12142, Mansi- 8279, Izhorians - 449. In addition, 46390 Estonians, 47102 Finns, 1835 Sami, 5742 Hungarians, and other representatives of small numbers lived here Finno-Ugric peoples and ethnic groups, such as Setos, Livs, water and etc.

Substantial part Finno-Ugrians lives in "titular" subjects Federation : republics Karelia, Komi, Mari El, Mordovia, Udmurt Republic, Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug, Khanty- Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug. There are diasporas in Vologda, Kirovskaya , Leningradskaya , Murmansk, Nizhny Novgorod, Orenburg, Penza, Perm, Pskov, Samara, Saratovskaya , Sverdlovsk, Tverskoy, Tomsk , Ulyanovskaya regions, as well as in the Nenets and Yamalo-Nenets autonomous okrugs, republics Bashkortostan , Tatarstan , Chuvashia .

Russian Finno- Ugric peoples, except for the Komi-Permyaks, have one thing in common: living in a nationally mixed environment where they are a minority. For their ethnocultural, linguistic And social Development factors such as compactness of settlement and share in national administrative entities are also important.

Subjects of the Federation in which they are represented Finno- Ugric peoples, federal organs authorities, pay a lot of attention to the development of cultures and languages ​​of these peoples. Laws on culture, in a number of republics - about languages ​​(the Komi and Mari El republics), in other republics, bills on languages ​​are at the preparation stage. Regional programs for the national and cultural development of peoples have been prepared and are in effect, in which specific activities on issues of national culture, education, and languages ​​occupy a significant place.

The history of Finno-Ugric peoples and languages ​​goes back many millennia. The process of formation of modern Finnish, Ugric and Samoyed peoples was very complex. The real name of the Finno-Ugric or Finno-Ugric family of languages ​​was replaced by Uralic, since the Samoyed languages ​​belonged to this family was discovered and proven.

The Uralic language family is divided into the Ugric branch, which includes the Hungarian, Khanty and Mansi languages ​​(the latter two are united under the general name “Ob-Ugric languages”), into the Finno-Permian branch, which unites the Perm languages ​​(Komi, Komi- Permyak and Udmurt), Volga languages ​​(Mari and Mordovian), the Baltic-Finnish language group (Karelian, Finnish, Estonian languages, as well as the languages ​​of the Vepsians, Vodi, Izhora, Livs), Sami and Samoyed languages, within which the northern branch (Nganasan) is distinguished , Nenets, Enets languages) and the southern branch (Selkup).

The number of peoples speaking Uralic languages ​​is about 23 - 24 million people. The Ural peoples occupy a vast territory that stretches from Scandinavia to the Taimyr Peninsula, with the exception of the Hungarians, who, by the will of fate, found themselves apart from the other Ural peoples - in the Carpathian-Danube region.

Most of the Ural peoples live in Russia, with the exception of Hungarians, Finns and Estonians. The most numerous are the Hungarians (more than 15 million people). The second largest people are the Finns (about 5 million people). There are about a million Estonians. On the territory of Russia (according to the 2002 census) live Mordovians (843,350 people), Udmurts (636,906 people), Mari (604,298 people), Komi-Zyryans (293,406 people), Komi-Permyaks (125,235 people), Karelians (93,344 people) , Vepsians (8240 people), Khanty (28678 people), Mansi (11432 people), Izhora (327 people), Vod (73 people), as well as Finns, Hungarians, Estonians, Sami. Currently, the Mordovians, Mari, Udmurts, Komi-Zyrians, and Karelians have their own national-state entities, which are republics within the Russian Federation.

Komi-Permyaks live on the territory of the Komi-Permyak Okrug of the Perm Territory, the Khanty and Mansi - the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug-Ugra of the Tyumen Region. Veps live in Karelia, in the northeast of the Leningrad region and in the northwestern part of the Vologda region, the Sami live in the Murmansk region, in the city of St. Petersburg, the Arkhangelsk region and Karelia, the Izhoras live in the Leningrad region, the city of St. Petersburg, the Republic of Karelia . Vod - in the Leningrad region, in the cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg.

Finno-Ugric peoples of Russia

Finno-Ugric peoples of Russia

Finno-Ugric peoples

Documents of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe and the European Parliament:

The situation of the Finno-Ugric and Samoyed peoples. Report. Committee on Culture, Science and Education. Speaker: Katrin Sachs, Estonia, Socialist Group (Doc. 11087, 26 October 2006):

The institute’s statement, signed by an employee of the Institute of Human Rights, linguist, Professor Mart Rannut, notes that the diversity of nationalities and cultures is a global wealth, and therefore it is necessary to stop the forced assimilation of ethnic minorities speaking Finno-Ugric languages ​​by officials and the educational and administrative system of Russia.

“Until now, the participation of Finno-Ugric people in public life is limited to folk art, state funding of which is carried out according to not entirely clear criteria, which allows Russian officials to carry out everything at their own request, without taking into account the needs of the national minorities themselves,” the institute reports.

The Institute draws attention to the fact that in 2009 the opportunity to take the state exam in Finno-Ugric languages ​​was eliminated; in addition, national minorities do not have the opportunity to take part in decision-making that concerns them; There is also no legislative basis for studying the languages ​​of national minorities and using them in public life.

“Local toponyms are very rarely used in Finno-Ugric territories; in addition, conditions for the development and viability of the linguistic environment of national minorities have not been created in cities. The share of television and radio programs in minority languages ​​is decreasing, which leads to a forced change of language in many areas of life.

The Russian Federation has so far consistently prevented national minorities from using alphabets other than Cyrillic, although this is one of the fundamental rights of national minorities,” the statement notes.

The institute emphasizes that over the past ten years the Finno-Ugric population of Russia has decreased by almost a third. Discrimination against national minorities and their languages ​​continues, interethnic hatred and intolerance are inflamed.

“The above direct violations of human rights have been documented by many international human rights organizations, including in the report of the Council of Europe,” the statement noted.

The Institute of Human Rights calls on the Russian Federation to respect the rights of national minorities, including the rights of the Finno-Ugric peoples, and to comply with its obligations under international treaties in this area.

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I told you 3 fantastic stories, and this is not science fiction, but fantasy (from English. fantasy- “fantasy”), science fiction[English] science fiction< science - наука, fiction>- fiction; fiction, fantasy]. None of the named countries not only sent their troops into the territory of the Russian Federation, but did not even plan to do so, although they have exactly the same reasons for this as Russia for sending troops into the territory of sovereign Ukraine.

I would like to ask questions to the Russian-speaking readers of "7x7 Komi", who, like myself, are not part of the indigenous nationality of our Republic, who have been living in it for a long time, and many for their entire lives: How many of us know the Komi language? Do we have a desire to know the language of the people on whose land we live, their customs and culture? Why? Why is it that in any of the national republics of the Russian Federation, knowledge of the Russian language is mandatory for all residents of this republic, including the indigenous population, but knowledge of the language of the indigenous population is not mandatory for its non-indigenous population? Isn’t this a manifestation of Russian imperial thinking? Why does any “guest worker” who comes to any place in the Russian Federation try to master the Russian (but not local) language? Why does the Russian-speaking population of Crimea, which has been part of Ukraine for 60 years, consider the obligation to know its state language a violation of their rights, and the population of Western Ukraine after its entry into the USSR (let me remind you that this “entry” took place when the USSR was an ally of Hitler’s Germany) was obliged learn and know Russian? Why does any Russian who has moved for permanent residence to any country in the non-post-Soviet space consider it natural to first of all master the language of that country, but living in the former Soviet republics does not think so? Why does Russia still consider them, including Ukraine, its fiefdom, to which it can dictate its terms from a position of strength?

RUSSIA IS FOR RUSSIANS

SPLIT.

, ), Mor-Dov-skaya (Mord-va - er-zya and Mok-sha), Ma-riy-skaya (Ma-ri-tsy), Perm-skaya (ud-mur-ty, ko-mi, ko -mi-per-mya-ki), Ugric (Ug-ry - Hung-ry, Khan-ty and Man-si). Number of approx. 24 million people (2016, est.).

Great-ro-di-na F.-u., in-vi-di-mo-mu, was in the zone of forests of the West. Si-bi-ri, Ura-la and Pre-du-ra-lya (from the Middle Ob to the Lower Kama) in the 4th - middle. 3rd millennium BC e. Their ancient activities were hunting, river fishing and so-bi-ra-tel-st. According to Lin-gwis-ti-ki, F.-u. did you have any contact with sa-mo-diy-ski-mi na-ro-da-mi And tun-gu-so-man-chur-ski-mi na-ro-da-mi, in the south as mi-ni-mum from the beginning. 3rd thousand - from India to Iran. na-ro-da-mi (aria-mi), on za-pa-de - with pa-leo-ev-ro-pei-tsa-mi (from their languages ​​the sub-strata traces in Western Finno-Ugric languages), from the 2nd half. 3rd thousand - with the na-ro-da-mi, close-ki-mi to the ancestors of the Germans, Bal-tov and Slavs (pre-sta-vi-te-la-mi shnu-ro-voy ke-ra-mi-ki kul-tur-no-is-to-ri-che-society). From the 1st half. 2nd thousand in progress with the Aryans in the south and from central Europe. in-do-ev-ro-pei-tsa-mi on the za-pas-de F.-u. I’m familiar with the water-stuff and then with the land. In the 2nd-1st thousand, the spread of Finnish-Ugric languages ​​to the west - to the North-East. Pri-bal-ti-ki, North. and Center. Scan-di-na-vii (see. Set-cha-toy ke-ra-mi-ki kul-tu-ra , Anan-in-skaya kul-tu-ra) and you-de-le-nie Baltic-Finnish languages And Sami languages. From the 2nd half. 1st millennium BC e. in the CBC and from the 2nd half. 1st millennium AD e. in Vol-go-Ura-lye there is no connection between you and the Turks. To the most ancient letters. upo-mi-na-ni-yam F.-u. from-no-syat Fenni in “Germany” Ta-tsi-ta (98 AD). From the end 1st thousand on the development of a number of Finnish-Ugric peoples there was a significant influence of their inclusion in composition of the Middle Ages. states ( Volzhsko-Kamskaya Blvd., Ancient Rus', Sweden). According to the data given by the Middle Ages. letters is-exactly-ni-kov and that-by-ni-mi, F.-u. back in the beginning 2nd millennium AD e. co-sta-la-whether basic. in the forest and tun-d-ro-voy zone of the East. Euro-py and Scan-di-na-vii, but there were then in the meaning. me-re as-si-mi-li-ro-va-ny germ-man-tsa-mi, sla-vya-na-mi (before all the me-rya; perhaps, mu-ro-ma, me-sche-ra, za-vo-loch-skaya, etc.) and tur-ka-mi.

For the spiritual culture of F.-u. were there any cults of the spirits of the nature. It’s possible that ideas about the highest heavenly god have taken shape. Question about the presence of element-men-tov sha-ma-niz-ma dis-kus-sio-nen. From the beginning 2nd thousand. Europe in Christianity (Hungarians in 1001, Ka-re-lys and Finns in the 12-14th centuries, Komi in the late 14th century) and times -vi-tion of writings in Finnish-Ugric languages. At the same time, a number of Finnish-Ugric groups (especially among the Mari and Ud-murts of Bashki-ria and Ta-tar-sta-na) until the 21st century. maintains its communal religion, although it has been subject to Christian influence. Pri-nya-tie is-la-ma F.-u. in Po-Vol-zhye and Si-bi-ri by-st-ro pri-vo-di-lo to their as-si-mi-la-tion ta-ta-ra-mi, for this mu- sulm. communities among the F.-u. Hardly ever.

In the 19th century for-mi-ru-et-sya between-zh-du-nar. Finnish-Ugric movement, in which the traits of the pan-Finnish-but-Ugric-riz-ma appear.

Lit.: Basics of the Finnish-Ugric language: Questions about the development and development of Finnish -Ugric languages. M., 1974; Hai-du P. Ural languages ​​and peoples. M., 1985; Na-Polish V.V. Introduction to the history of ura-li-sti-ku. Izhevsk, 1997.

Material from Wikipedia - the free encyclopedia

Finno-Ugric peoples (Finno-Ugrians) - a linguistic community of peoples speaking Finno-Ugric languages, living in Western Siberia, Central, Northern and Eastern Europe.

Peoples speaking Finno-Ugric (Finnish Ugric) languages. Finno-Ugric languages. constitute one of the two branches (along with the Samoyed) level. language families. According to the linguistic principle of F.U.N. are divided into groups: Baltic Finnish (Finns, Karelians, Estonians... Ural Historical Encyclopedia

Finno-Ugric peoples of Russia Ethnopsychological Dictionary

FINNO-UGRIAN PEOPLES OF RUSSIA- the peoples of our country (Mordovians, Udmurts, Mari, Komi, Khanty, Mansi, Sami, Karelians), living in the north of the European part, in the northern, central and southern parts of the Urals and descending from the Ananyin archaeological culture (VII III... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of Psychology and Pedagogy

Finno-Ugric Taxon: branch Area: Hungary, Norway, Russia, Finland, Sweden, Estonia, etc. Classification ... Wikipedia

Finno-Hungarian peoples (Finno-Ugrians) are a group of peoples speaking Finno-Hungarian languages, living in stripes in Western Siberia, Central and Eastern Europe. Contents 1 Representatives of the Finno-Ugric peoples 2 History 3 Links ... Wikipedia

Finno-Ugric languages- Finno-Ugric languages ​​are a family of languages ​​that are part of a larger genetic group of languages ​​called the Uralic languages. Before the genetic relationship of the Samoyed languages ​​with the Finno-Ugric languages ​​was proven, the F.-u. I. was considered... ... Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary

Finno-Ugric (or Finno-Ugric) peoples- population speaking Finno-Ugric languages. A group of Finno-Ugric languages, one of two branches of the Uralic language family. Divided into language groups (ethnic groups corresponding to them): Baltic Finnish (Finnish, Izhorian, Karelian, Lyudikovsky, ... ... Physical Anthropology. Illustrated explanatory dictionary.

Books

• Leningrad region. Did you know? , Leningrad region is a region with a rich history. Did you know that its territory has long been inhabited by the Slavs and Finno-Ugric peoples, who together created Northern Rus'? The great… Category: Local history Publisher: Parity,
• Monuments of the Fatherland. Almanac, No. 33 (1-2/1995). Complete description of Russia. Udmurtia, Different peoples have lived on our land as good neighbors for centuries. The ancient Finno-Ugric tribes left traces of their high culture and art here. Their descendants, the Udmurts, preserved the marching... Category: Peoples of Russia Series: Monuments of the Fatherland (almanac) Publisher:

The origin and early history of the Finno-Ugric peoples remain the subject of scientific debate to this day. The most common opinion among researchers is that in ancient times there was a single group of people who spoke a common Finno-Ugric proto-language. The ancestors of the current Finno-Ugric peoples until the end of the third millennium BC. e. maintained relative unity. They were settled in the Urals and the western Urals, and possibly also in some adjacent areas.

In that era, called Finno-Ugric, their tribes came into contact with the Indo-Iranians, which was reflected in myths and languages. Between the third and second millennia BC. e. separated from each other Ugric And Finno-Permian branches. Among the peoples of the latter, who settled in a western direction, independent subgroups of languages ​​gradually emerged and became isolated:

• Baltic-Finnish,
• Volga-Finnish,
• Permian

As a result of the transition of the population of the Far North to one of the Finno-Ugric dialects, the Sami were formed. The Ugric group of languages ​​disintegrated by the middle of the 1st millennium BC. e. The Baltic-Finnish division occurred at the beginning of our era. Perm lasted a little longer - until the eighth century.

Contacts of Finno-Ugric tribes with Baltic, Iranian, Slavic, Turkic, and Germanic peoples played a major role in the separate development of these languages.

Settlement area

Finno-Ugric peoples today mainly live in Northwestern Europe. Geographically, they are settled over a vast territory from Scandinavia to the Urals, Volga-Kama, lower and middle Tobol region.

The Hungarians are the only people of the Finno-Ugric ethno-linguistic group who formed their own state away from other related tribes - in the Carpathian-Danube region.

The total number of peoples speaking Uralic languages ​​(these include Finno-Ugric and Samoyed) is 23-24 million people. The most numerous representatives are Hungarians. There are more than 15 million of them in the world. They are followed by Finns and Estonians (5 and 1 million people, respectively). Most other Finno-Ugric ethnic groups live in modern Russia.

Finno-Ugric ethnic groups in Russia

Russian settlers flocked en masse to the lands of the Finno-Ugrians in the 16th-18th centuries. Most often, the process of their settlement in these areas occurred peacefully, but some indigenous peoples (for example, the Mari) for a long time and fiercely resisted the annexation of their region to the Russian state.

The Christian religion, writing, and urban culture, introduced by the Russians, over time began to displace local beliefs and dialects. People moved to cities, moved to Siberian and Altai lands - where Russian was the main and common language. However, he (especially his northern dialect) absorbed many Finno-Ugric words - this is most noticeable in the field of toponyms and names of natural phenomena.

In some places, the Finno-Ugric peoples of Russia mixed with the Turks, converting to Islam. However, a significant part of them were still assimilated by the Russians. Therefore, these peoples do not constitute a majority anywhere, even in those republics that bear their name. However, according to the 2002 population census, there are very significant Finno-Ugric groups in Russia.

• Mordovians (843 thousand people),
• Udmurts (almost 637 thousand),
• Mari (604 thousand),
• Komi-Zyryans (293 thousand),
• Komi-Permyaks (125 thousand),
• Karelians (93 thousand).

The number of some peoples does not exceed thirty thousand people: Khanty, Mansi, Vepsians. The Izhorians number 327 people, and the Vod people number only 73 people. Hungarians, Finns, Estonians, and Sami also live in Russia.

Development of Finno-Ugric culture in Russia

In total, sixteen Finno-Ugric peoples live in Russia. Five of them have their own national-state entities, and two have national-territorial ones. Others are dispersed throughout the country. At the national and local level, programs are being developed with the support of which the culture of the Finno-Ugric peoples, their customs and dialects is being studied. Thus, Sami, Khanty, Mansi are taught in primary schools, and Komi, Mari, Udmurt, and Mordovian languages ​​are taught in secondary schools in those regions where large groups of the corresponding ethnic groups live.

There are special laws on culture and languages ​​(Mari El, Komi). Thus, in the Republic of Karelia there is a law on education that enshrines the right of Vepsians and Karelians to study in their native language. The priority for the development of the cultural traditions of these peoples is determined by the Law on Culture. Also, the republics of Mari El, Udmurtia, Komi, Mordovia, and the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug have their own concepts and programs for national development. The Foundation for the Development of Cultures of the Finno-Ugric Peoples has been created and operates (on the territory of the Mari El Republic).

Finno-Ugric peoples: appearance

The ancestors of the current Finno-Ugrians were the result of a mixture of Paleo-European and Paleo-Asian tribes. Therefore, the appearance of all the peoples of this group contains both Caucasoid and Mongoloid features. Some scientists even put forward a theory about the existence of an independent race - the Ural, which is “intermediate” between Europeans and Asians, but this version has few supporters.

Finno-Ugrians are heterogeneous in anthropological terms. However, any representative of the Finno-Ugric people possesses characteristic “Ural” features to one degree or another. This is, as a rule, of average height, very light hair color, a snub nose, a wide face, and a sparse beard. But these features manifest themselves in different ways.

Thus, the Erzya Mordvins are tall, have blond hair and blue eyes. Mordvins-Moksha - on the contrary, are shorter, with wide cheekbones, and darker hair. The Udmurts and Mari often have characteristic “Mongolian” eyes with a special fold at the inner corner of the eye - epicanthus, very wide faces, and a thin beard. But at the same time, their hair, as a rule, is blond and red, and their eyes are blue or gray, which is typical for Europeans, but not Mongoloids. The “Mongolian fold” is also found among the Izhorians, Vodians, Karelians and even Estonians. Komi people look different. Where there are mixed marriages with the Nenets, representatives of this people have braided hair and black hair. Other Komi, on the contrary, are more like Scandinavians, but have wider faces.

Religion and language

Finno-Ugric peoples living in European Russia are predominantly Orthodox Christians. However, the Udmurts and Mari in some places managed to preserve the ancient (animistic) religion, and the Samoyed peoples and inhabitants of Siberia - shamanism.

Finno-Ugric languages ​​are related to modern Finnish and Hungarian. The peoples who speak them make up the Finno-Ugric ethnolinguistic group. Their origin, territory of settlement, commonality and differences in external features, culture, religion and traditions are the subjects of global research in the field of history, anthropology, geography, linguistics and a number of other sciences. This review article will try to briefly cover this topic.

Peoples included in the Finno-Ugric ethnolinguistic group

Based on the degree of similarity of languages, researchers divide the Finno-Ugric peoples into five subgroups. The basis of the first, Baltic-Finnish, are Finns and Estonians - peoples with their own states. They also live in Russia. The Setu, a small group of Estonians, are settled in the Pskov region. The most numerous of the Baltic-Finnish peoples of Russia are the Karelians. In everyday life they use three autochthonous dialects, while Finnish is considered their literary language. In addition, the same subgroup includes the Vepsians and Izhorians - small peoples who have preserved their languages, as well as the Vod (there are less than a hundred people left, their own language has been lost) and the Livs.

Second– Sami (or Lapp) subgroup. The main part of the peoples who gave it its name are settled in Scandinavia. In Russia, the Sami live on the Kola Peninsula. Researchers suggest that in ancient times these peoples occupied a larger territory, but were subsequently pushed further north. At the same time, their own language was replaced by one of the Finnish dialects.

On the third the subgroup that makes up the Finno-Ugric peoples - the Volga-Finnish - includes the Mari and Mordovians. The Mari are the main part of the population of the Mari El Republic; they also live in Bashkortostan, Tatarstan, Udmurtia and a number of other Russian regions. They have two literary languages ​​(with which, however, not all researchers agree). Mordva - autochthonous population of the Republic of Mordovia; at the same time, a significant part of the Mordvins are settled throughout Russia. This people consists of two ethnographic groups, each with its own literary written language.

Fourth the subgroup is called Permian. It includes the Komi, Komi-Permyaks, and also the Udmurts. Even before October 1917, in terms of literacy (though in Russian), the Komi were approaching the most educated peoples of Russia - Jews and Russian Germans. As for the Udmurts, their dialect has been preserved for the most part in the villages of the Udmurt Republic. Residents of cities, as a rule, forget both the indigenous language and customs.

TO fifth, Ugric subgroup includes the Hungarians, Khanty and Mansi. Although the lower reaches of the Ob and the northern Urals are separated by many kilometers from the Hungarian state on the Danube, these peoples are actually the closest relatives. The Khanty and Mansi belong to the small peoples of the North.

Disappeared Finno-Ugric tribes

The Finno-Ugric peoples also included tribes, mentions of which are currently preserved only in chronicles. So, Merya people lived between the Volga and Oka rivers in the first millennium AD - there is a theory that he subsequently merged with the Eastern Slavs.

The same thing happened with Muromoy. This is an even more ancient people of the Finno-Ugric ethno-linguistic group, who once inhabited the Oka basin. Researchers call the long-vanished Finnish tribes that lived along the Onega and Northern Dvina rivers miracle(according to one hypothesis, they were the ancestors of modern Estonians).

Commonality of languages ​​and culture

Having declared the Finno-Ugric languages ​​as a single group, researchers emphasize this commonality as the main factor uniting the peoples who speak them. However, the Ural ethnic groups, despite the similarity in the structure of their languages, still do not always understand each other. Thus, a Finn will certainly be able to communicate with an Estonian, an Erzyan with a Moksha, and an Udmurt with a Komi. However, the peoples of this group, geographically distant from each other, must make quite a lot of effort to identify common features in their languages ​​that would help them conduct a conversation.

The linguistic kinship of the Finno-Ugric peoples is primarily traced in the similarity of linguistic constructions. This significantly influences the formation of the thinking and worldview of peoples. Despite the differences in cultures, this circumstance contributes to the emergence of mutual understanding between these ethnic groups. At the same time, the unique psychology determined by the thought process in these languages ​​enriches universal human culture with their unique vision of the world.

Thus, unlike the Indo-Europeans, the representative of the Finno-Ugric people is inclined to treat nature with exceptional respect. Finno-Ugric culture also largely contributed to the desire of these peoples to peacefully adapt to their neighbors - as a rule, they preferred not to fight, but to migrate, preserving their identity. Also, a characteristic feature of the peoples of this group is openness to ethnocultural exchange. In search of ways to strengthen relationships with related peoples, they maintain cultural contacts with all those who surround them.

Basically, the Finno-Ugric people managed to preserve their languages ​​and basic cultural elements. The connection with ethnic traditions in this area can be seen in their national songs, dances, music, traditional dishes, and clothing. Also, many elements of their ancient rituals have survived to this day: wedding, funeral, memorial.