There are only six days between the church Day of Remembrance of the Holy Hierarch of the Komi Land Stefan of Perm and the secular Day of Komi Writing. And this is no coincidence. It is also no coincidence that in our secular state, which proclaims freedom of conscience, many secular holidays are in fact not entirely secular. Take, for example, the Day of National Unity, which is not coincidentally celebrated on November 4 - the day when several hundred years ago Minin and Pozharsky gathered the people’s militia under the icon of the Kazan Mother of God and banners with the face of the Savior.

It’s the same with Komi Writing Day, which we remember on May 9, the day when 620 years ago the man who gave this writing to the Komi people reposed in the Lord.

However, there are several opinions regarding the significance of Anbur, as Stefanov’s alphabet was called.

Adherents of paganism, the echoes of which are especially heard in national regions, convince their contemporaries that Stefan Permsky, or Khrap, as they call him, baptized the Zyryans with “fire and sword”, they call him “occupier and invader”. In their opinion, the alphabet developed by Stefan turned out to be of no use to anyone here and became the “language of the feudal lords” and a secret code for correspondence between Moscow proteges “on the ground” and their superiors in the center. Soon the ancient Perm alphabet was forgotten, and mentions of it were preserved only in the margins of ancient chronicles and on icons.

However, Anbur has not been forgotten to this day. Its creator, Stefan of Perm, in Komi is placed on a par with Saints Cyril and Methodius, who created the Russian alphabet with a message encrypted in it to the Slavs. The first bishop of the Zyryans is considered not only the baptist of the region, but also the first educator. Not with fire and sword, but with love and words, he baptized a people dark for Moscow - this opinion about him is more widespread. Every year, the religious procession “From Stefan to Stefan” gathers hundreds of pilgrims who, for 20 years on the eve of his memory, make a 60-kilometer trek from Syktyvkar to the village of Yb. Stefanov's readings bring together dozens of young and experienced researchers: philologists, historians, local historians. In Komi there is a book publishing house “Anbur”, which produces textbooks in the Komi language and national literature. Last year, the staff of the Art magazine came up with an action in which anyone could write important things for them in ancient Komi letters - anbur - in a huge album.

And two years ago, a monument to Stefanov’s alphabet appeared in Syktyvkar - the name of the city, laid out in a semicircle in huge luminous letters.

The history of the appearance of the monument is unusual. It was a personal act of struggle by the author of the idea of ​​its creation, a historian Igor Andriyanov with the “monumental alphabetism” that swept the whole country and our region in particular that year in the wake of the monument to the letter “Y” opened in Ulyanovsk. In the capital of Komi, a monument to the letter Ö immediately appeared, which some dubbed the “washing machine.”

But that was not the end of the matter. The Urban Legends project for the construction of small architectural forms for the purpose of beautification and arrangement of abandoned vacant lots, which was held that year in Syktyvkar, among others, received a flurry of “original” proposals on the topic of further monuments to letters. For example, it was proposed to erect a monument to the letter “Y” in that very place, citing the fact that there are two letters “Y” in the name of our city. Fortunately, the historian was among the curators of the project’s historical commission. At one of the meetings, he jokingly asked what we would do with the letter “S”, remembering the old name of the city “Ust-Sysolsk”?

It was also proposed to erect an art object in the form of the inscription “Syktyvkar”, highlighting two letters “Y”. The whole essence and “horror” of the project competition was that, according to its terms, voting for each project took place using “likes” on social networks. There was an urgent need to come up with an idea that would appeal to the townspeople and at the same time personify the rich history and culture of the city and the Komi people. This is how the idea was born to erect a monument to the Anbur alphabet: the oldest alphabet that appeared among the Finno-Ugric peoples (second after the Hungarian). This, according to Andriyanov, would perpetuate the memory of this alphabet and its brilliant creator - St. Stephen of Perm, educator of Perm Vychegda (ancestors of the Komi).

“When at the commission meeting another proposal was made on the topic of the letters “Y” and the inscription “Syktyvkar”, standing to the death against this “alphabetism”, I then proposed to make this inscription on the ancient Stefanovo “anbur”. The entire commission liked the idea and was submitted to the designers for the competition. As a result, the majority of the townspeople voted for this project,” recalls the historian.

Now it looks very beautiful at night, when the luminous letters shimmer with the “northern lights.” True, the very embodiment of the art object in window plastic was not to the liking of the author of the idea. “I would like to see its embodiment more monumental, if not in marble, then at least in some more noble material,” the historian concluded.

Today, Komi writing looks like Cyrillic with certain characters not found in Russian, but familiar to other Finno-Ugric people.

There was in its history both a period of the Latin alphabet and a short “valiant” stage. As the linguist writes in his study Galina Punegova, he laid the foundation for the creation of the phonemic principle in writing. This was a great event in the cultural and educational life of the Komi region. The author and compiler of the national alphabet was Vasily Alexandrovich Molodtsov(Sandrö Vasö, 1886-1940). He prepared an alphabet in which all the specific speech sounds of the Komi language could be expressed in writing with one grapheme - a letter, the so-called. an optical unit indicating the uniqueness of the graphic features of the Komi language.

This was the first officially adopted alphabet of the Komi language, the discussion and approval of which took place in August 1918 at the Ust-Vym meeting of teachers of the Ust-Sysolsky and Yarensky districts.

However, the sharp criticism that caused controversy among scientists regarding the use of the new Komi alphabet gradually led to a ban on its use, thereby allowing it to exist for a little more than a decade - in 1918-1930 and 1936-1938. In quantitative terms, the content of the Molodtsov alphabet does not differ from the modern alphabet. It consisted of 33 graphemes: Aa Bb Vv Gg Ԁԁ Ԃԃ Her Жж Җҗ Зз Ԅԅ Ԇԇ Іi Јj Kk Ll Ԉԉ Mm Nn ​​Ԋԋ Oo Ӧö Pp Rr Ss Ԍԍ Tt Ԏԏ Uu Chch Shsh Shch Yy. On the basis of this alphabet, V. Molodtsov also compiled the primer “Lyԃԃыҍы velöԁchan” and the grammar of the Komi language “Komi gramԏika – tuj piԍкöԁыԍ,” writes the researcher.

Despite the fact that in the 20th century, Soviet “globalization” erased national characteristics and colloquial Komi speech retreated under the onslaught of Russian, book publishing and printing in the native language did not stop. New works were published in the national language, and the works of Russian classics, foreign authors and ideologists of Marxism-Leninism were translated.

During the collapse of the Soviet empire, the Komi Republic became the first national republic to adopt a law on state languages, making Komi equal to Russian. Bilingualism is enshrined in the region's Constitution.

Books and newspapers are still published in it, it is studied in schools, although more and more often according to the state curriculum, not the native one - even in villages. After a period of sad decline, interest in it is being revived: annual Komi language courses are gaining more and more students, the General Dictation in the Komi language has become an annual event - similar to the Total Dictation in Russian, young people, despite and in defiance, speak the language of grandmothers, a Komi Wikipedia has been created, there are accounts on Komi on social networks. Linguist and polyglot Ӧнӧ Love(Vyacheslav Stepanov), who independently studied more than two dozen languages ​​and found no use in his native Perm, is successfully promoting the Komi language on the World Wide Web.

Önö Love and his colleagues - mathematician-linguist and programmer Andrey Chemyshev from Mari El and Syktyvkar philologist Marina Fedina– they are working to provide electronic support for the Komi language, and at the same time other small languages ​​of Russia: based on existing paper dictionaries, they create electronic dictionaries of the Komi language, an electronic spelling corrector for the Komi language, and collect electronic Komi texts. The plans include electronic translators from the Komi language into Russian and vice versa. Everything that linguists do can be found and downloaded on the website komikyv.ru.

So the work of Stefan of Perm, although in a transformed form, is alive and well. It is thanks to him that today we can proudly celebrate Komi Writing Day.

Polina Romanova, Syktyvkar |

), as well as a number of handwritten lines in books. The total volume of preserved connected texts on the abura is 236 words.

Early writing based on the Cyrillic alphabet

Starting from the 18th century, separate publications of Komi texts appeared in both the Latin alphabet and the Cyrillic alphabet. Thus, in the second edition of N. Witsen’s book “Northern and Eastern Tataria,” published in 1705, a translation of the “Our Father” prayer into the Komi language, made in Latin script, was published.

In 1808, students of the Vologda Theological Seminary Philip Kozlov compiled the first grammar of the Komi-Zyrian language. It used an alphabet based on the Cyrillic alphabet: A a, B b, V c, G g, D d, E e, F f, Z h, I i, I i, K k, L l, M m, N n, O o, Ӧ ӧ, P p , R r, S s, T t, U y, Ch h, Ӵ ӵ, Sh sh, ъ, Y y, ь, Yu yu, I am. This grammar has not been published. In 1813, on the basis of this grammar, the teacher of the same seminary, A.F. Flerov, released the first printed Komi grammar - “Zyryansk grammar, published by the main administration of schools.”

In the 1820-50s, a whole series of Komi grammars and dictionaries were published, in which various systems of writing the Komi language were used - both Cyrillic (P. I. Savvaitov, A. M. Sjögren) and Latinized (M. A. Castren).

In the second half of the 19th century, based on previously created grammars, two main systems for recording the Komi language developed. Thus, in the works of G. S. Lytkin, in addition to standard Russian letters, the signs were used ӧ,j, ligatures j, dz, and the softness of consonants was indicated by the diacritic - gravis. A number of other authors indicated the softness of consonants by adding the sign j .

In the last years of the 19th century, active publication of primers in the Komi-Zyryan and Komi-Permyak languages ​​began. These primers were compiled by different authors and used different versions of the Komi Cyrillic alphabet.

Differences between the alphabets of the Komi primers of the 19th - early 20th centuries. from the modern alphabet:

• Komi-Zyryansky
  • Popov A. ABC for Zyryansk youth or the easiest way for Zyryans to learn Russian literacy. St. Petersburg, 1865. No letters to her. Present Ligature J, Ꚉ ꚉ, Х̇ cḣ, Ъi ъi, ѣ, ​​ji, jo, Jӧ jӧ, Jы jы, ѳ, ѵ.
  • The ABC for the Zyryans-Izhma residents living in the Pechersk district of the Arkhangelsk province. Arkhangelsk, 1895. Letters are present ѣ, Ѳ ѳ .
  • Lytkin G.S. Zyryan-Russian-Church Slavonic primer. St. Petersburg, 1900. No letters E e, i, f, x, c, sh, b, b, e, yu, i. Present d̀ , z̀ , , l̀ , ǹ , s̀ , t̀ , h̀.
• Komi-Permyak
  • Let's get out of Permyak Pond. Perm, 1894. No letter ӧ . Present Ѣ ѣ, Ѳ ѳ .
  • Primer for (north-eastern, Inven) Permians. Kazan, 1897. No letters i, F f, X x, C c, Shch. Present ӂ, з̆ з̆, Ш̆ ш̆, ы̆ ы̆.
  • Primer for Perm residents of the Iven region. Kazan, 1899. No letters I i, Ts ts, Shch. Present Ӂ ӂ, з̆ з̆, й , ӵ, ъ , Ѳ ѳ
  • Primer for (north-eastern, Inven) Permians. Kazan, 1900. No letters I i, F f, X x, C c, Shch. Present Ӂ ӂ, з̆ з̆, Ӵ ӵ, ы̆ ы̆.
  • Popov E. Let's wipe out the Komi servants. Kazan, 1904. No letters Ӧ ӧ, F f, X x, C c, Shch. Present d̅z̅, d̅j̅, ch̅sh̅, Ѣ ѣ, ӭ
  • Moshegov Kondraty Mikhailovich. Primer for Permyak children (In the Cherdyn dialect). Kazan, 1908. No letters b, b b. Present ӝ, ӟ, Ӵ ӵ, Ѳ ѳ .

Due to the lack of a standard alphabet and the insignificance of publications in the Komi language (in total, about 60-70 books and brochures in Komi were published in 1813-1914), these alphabets did not become noticeably widespread among the population.

Molodtsov alphabet

In 1918, the scope of use of the Komi language expanded significantly - teaching in it was introduced in schools, local newspapers began publishing individual articles in the Komi language, etc. Under these conditions, the need arose to create a permanent alphabet and develop spelling standards.

Molodtsov's alphabet was based on the Cyrillic alphabet, but had a number of specific letters to represent soft consonants and affricates. Since 1921, active book publishing began in this alphabet. Despite the advantages of this alphabet (strict phonemicity, economy of writing), it also had a number of disadvantages, the main one of which was the complexity of handwritten text due to the special shape of the signs for soft consonants.

Writing after 1932

Back in 1924, Professor A.N. Gren proposed translating the Komi writing system to a Latinized basis. Few people supported him then, but at that time an active process of Latinization of writing began in the USSR and soon this issue was raised again. In 1929, at the Komi linguistic conference of the Glavnauka, a resolution was adopted on the need to switch to a Latinized alphabet, using the experience of latinization of the Turkic scripts of the peoples of the USSR. In September 1930, the Komi Regional Committee Bureau of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks officially decided to translate the Komi script into Latin. The alphabet itself was approved in November 1931, after which the transfer of office work, education and publishing to the new script began. This process was generally completed in 1934.

The Latin Komi alphabet essentially became a transliteration of the Molodtsov alphabet - it retained strict phonemics, the designation of soft consonants by adding a “tail” to the letter, and special signs for affricates. Thus, both the advantages and disadvantages of the previous letter were preserved.

The changing political situation in the USSR in the mid-1930s led to the abandonment of the Latinized Komi alphabet - the process of Cyrillization began in the country. With regard to the Komi writing, this resulted in the abandonment of the Latin alphabet already in 1936. Instead, the Molodtsov alphabet was restored, but in 1938 it was replaced by a new version of the Cyrillic alphabet, much closer to Russian graphics.

Modern alphabet

The modern alphabet for the Komi-Zyryan and Komi-Permyak languages ​​was introduced in 1938. It contains all the letters of the Russian alphabet, as well as signs Ӧ ӧ And І і . Digraphs are used to indicate affricates j, dz And tsh. Sometimes these digraphs are included in the alphabet, sometimes not.

Letter Іі (“hard and”) is used after letters d, h, l, n, With, T to indicate their hardness (before “normal” And they are soft). Letter Ӧ ӧ denotes a non-labialized sound of the middle row of the middle rise. The softness of consonants is indicated by a soft sign after them.

Modern Komi alphabet:

A a	B b	In in	G g	D d	Her	Her	F	Z z
And and	І і	Thy	K k	L l	Mm	N n	Oh oh	Ӧ ӧ
P p	R r	With with	T t	U y	F f	X x	Ts ts	H h
Sh sh	sch sch	Kommersant	s	b b	Uh uh	Yu Yu	I am

Comparative table of Komi alphabets

Abur	Cyrillic Castrena- Savvaitova (19th century)	Cyrillic Sjögren (19th century)	Alphabet Molodtsova	Latin 1930-1936	Cyrillic since 1938
20px	a	a	a	a	A
20px	b	b	b	V	b
20px	V	V	V	v	V
20px	G	G	G	g	G
20px	d	d	ԁ	d	d
	dј	d̀	ԃ	12x12px	d (soft)
20px	j	j	җ	h	j
20px	dz	dz	ԅ	ӡ	dz
			Yes	je	e
			Yo	jo	e
20px	and	and	and	ƶ	and
20px	h	h	h	z	h
	zј	z̀	ԇ	ⱬ	z (soft)
20px	і	і	і	i	and, i
20px	ј	ј	ј	j	th
20px	To	To	To	k	To
20px	l	l	l	l	l
	lј	l	ԉ	12x12px	l (soft)
20px	m	m	m	m	m
20px	n	n	n	n	n
	no	ǹ	ԋ	ꞑ	n (soft)
20px	O	O	O	o	o
20px	ӧ	ӧ	ӧ	ә	ӧ
20px	P	P	P	p	P
20px	R	R	R	r	R
20px	With	With	With	s	With
	sј	With	ԍ	10x10px	s (soft)
20px	T	T	T	t	T
	that's it	T	ԏ	11x11px	t (soft)
20px	at	at	at	u	at
				f	f
				x	X
				c	ts
20px	h	h	sch	8x8px	tsh
	what	h	h	10x10px	h
20px	w	w	w	ꞩ	w
					ъ
20px	s	s	s	7x7pcs	s
					b
20px , 20px	e	e	e	e	uh
			Yeah	ju	Yu
			Yeah	ja	I

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Notes

Comments

Sources

1. , With. 112-117.
2. V. I. Lytkin// Culture and writing of the East. - M., 1931. - T. 7-8. - pp. 173-188.
3. , With. 339-343.
4. , With. 56-57.
5. , With. 337-339.
6. , With. 182-185.
7. , With. 525.
8. , With. 17.
9. M. I. Isaev. Language construction in the USSR. - M.: “Science”, 1979. - P. 201-210. - 352 s. - 2650 copies.
10. , With. 510-511.
11. , With. 264-266.
12. = Roça-komi kьvvez: natod̦il̡ kancel̡arija da sud uзн. - Kudьmkar: Komi-Permjackәj Izdat̡el̡ştvo, 1932.
13. , With. 210-212.
15. , With. 574.
16. A.L. Parshakova. Komi-Yazva primer. - Perm, 2003. - 135 p.
17. V. K. Kelmakov// Linguistica Uralica. - Estonian Academy Publishers, 2004. - T. XL, No. 2. - pp. 135-148.

Literature

• Komi language. Encyclopedia / G. V. Fedyuneva. - M.: Publishing House DiK, 1998. - 608 p. - 5000 copies. - ISBN 5-7903-0045-6.
• Castren M. A. De Litteris // = Elementa grammatices Syrjaenae. - Helsingforsiae, 1844. - pp. 1-15.
• Rogov N. A. Section One. About letters // . - St. Petersburg. , 1860. - P. 1-8.

An excerpt characterizing Komi writing

Then I still knew nothing about clinical death or about the luminous tunnels that appeared during it. But what happened next was very similar to all those stories about clinical deaths that much later I managed to read in various books, already living in distant America...
I felt that if I didn’t breathe air now, my lungs would simply burst and I would probably die. It became very scary, my vision grew dark. Suddenly, a bright flash flashed in my head, and all my feelings disappeared somewhere... A blindingly bright, transparent blue tunnel appeared, as if it were entirely woven from tiny moving silver stars. I quietly floated inside him, feeling neither suffocation nor pain, only mentally amazed at the extraordinary feeling of absolute happiness, as if I had finally found the place of my long-awaited dream. It was very calm and good. All sounds disappeared, I didn’t want to move. The body became very light, almost weightless. Most likely, at that moment I was simply dying...
I saw some very beautiful, luminous, transparent human figures slowly and smoothly approaching me through the tunnel. They all smiled warmly, as if they were calling me to join them... I was already reaching out to them... when suddenly a huge luminous palm appeared from somewhere, grabbed me from below and, like a grain of sand, began to quickly lift me to the surface. My brain exploded from the rush of sharp sounds, as if a protective partition had suddenly burst in my head... I was thrown out to the surface like a ball... and deafened by a real waterfall of colors, sounds and sensations, which for some reason were now perceived by me much brighter than it was habitually.
There was real panic on the shore... The neighboring boys, shouting something, waved their arms expressively, pointing in my direction. Someone tried to pull me to dry land. And then everything floated, swirled in some kind of crazy whirlpool, and my poor, overstrained consciousness floated away into complete silence... When I gradually “came to my senses,” the guys stood around me with their eyes widened in horror, and all together somehow resembled identical frightened owls... It was clear that all this time they were almost in real panic shock, and apparently they had already mentally “buried” me. I tried to fake a smile and, still choking on the warm river water, barely squeezed out that everything was fine with me, although I naturally wasn’t in any kind of order at that moment.
As I was later told, all this commotion actually took only about five minutes, although for me, at that terrible moment when I was under water, time almost stopped... I was sincerely glad that my mothers were with us that day did not have. Later, I somehow managed to persuade the “neighbor’s mother,” with whom we were then allowed to swim, so that what happened at the river remained our secret, since I absolutely did not want my grandmother or mother to have a heart attack, especially since that everything was already over and there was no point in scaring anyone so pointlessly. The neighbor immediately agreed. Apparently, for her this was just as desirable an option, since she didn’t really want anyone to know that, unfortunately, she could not justify the general trust...
But this time everything ended well, everyone was alive and happy, and there was no reason to talk about it anymore. Only many, many times after my unsuccessful “swimming” I returned in a dream to the same sparkling blue tunnel, which, for some unknown reason, attracted me like a magnet. And I again experienced that extraordinary feeling of peace and happiness, not yet knowing that doing this, as it turned out, was very, very dangerous...

We all feel the dull melancholy of the evening.
The evening seems to us to be a harbinger of bitter loss.
Another day, like a raft on a river, in “yesterday”
Leaves, leaves... gone... And there will be no return.
(Maria Semyonova)

A couple of weeks after that ill-fated day on the river bank, the souls (or more precisely, the essences) of dead people, strangers to me, began to visit me. Apparently my frequent returns to the blue channel somehow “disturbed” the peace of souls that had previously existed calmly in peaceful silence... Only, as it turned out later, not all of them were truly so calm... And only after that , as I have visited a huge variety of different souls, from very sad to deeply unhappy and restless souls, I realized how truly important it is how we live our lives and what a pity it is that we think about it only when it’s too late change something, and when we remain completely helpless in the face of the cruel and inexorable fact that we will never be able to fix anything...
I wanted to run into the street, grab people by the hands and shout to everyone and everyone how wild and scary it is when everything becomes too late!.. And I also painfully wanted every person to know that “after” no one will help and never!.. But, unfortunately, I already understood perfectly well that everything that I would get for such a “sincere warning” would be just an easy path to a madhouse or (at best) just laughter... And what did I could prove to anyone, a little nine-year-old girl whom no one wanted to understand, and who could most easily be considered just “a little strange”...
I didn’t know what I should do to help all these unfortunate people suffering from their mistakes or cruel fate. I was ready to listen to their requests for hours, forgetting about myself and wanting to open up as much as possible so that everyone who needed it could “knock” on me. And then the real “influx” of my new guests began, which, to be honest, scared me a little at first.
The very first I met was a young woman who I immediately liked for some reason. She was very sad, and I felt that somewhere deep in her soul an unhealed wound was “bleeding”, which did not allow her to leave peacefully. The stranger first appeared when I was sitting comfortably curled up in my father’s chair and enthusiastically “absorbed” a book that was not allowed to be taken out of the house. As usual, enjoying reading with great pleasure, I was so deeply immersed in an unfamiliar and so exciting world that I did not immediately notice my unusual guest.
First there was a disturbing feeling of someone else's presence. The feeling was very strange - as if a light cool breeze suddenly blew in the room, and the air around was filled with a transparent vibrating fog. I raised my head and saw a very beautiful, young blonde woman right in front of me. Her body glowed slightly with a bluish light, but otherwise she looked quite normal. The stranger looked at me without looking away, and seemed to be begging for something. Suddenly I heard:
- Please help me…
And, although she did not open her mouth, I heard the words very clearly, they just sounded a little different, the sound was soft and rustling. And then I realized that she was talking to me in exactly the same way as I had heard before - the voice sounded only in my head (which, as I later learned, was telepathy).
“Help me...” it rustled quietly again.
- How can I help you? – I asked.
“You can hear me, you can talk to her...” the stranger answered.
– Who should I talk to? – I asked.
“With my baby,” was the answer.
Her name was Veronica. And, as it turned out, this sad and such a beautiful woman died of cancer almost a year ago, when she was only thirty years old, and her little six-year-old daughter, who thought that her mother had abandoned her, did not want to forgive her for this and is still very deeply suffered from this. Veronica's son was too young when she died and did not understand that his mother would never return again... and that now he would always be put to bed at night by someone else's hands, and his favorite lullaby would be sung to him by some stranger... But he I was still too young and had no idea how much pain such a cruel loss could bring. But with his six-year-old sister, things were completely different... That's why this sweet woman couldn't calm down and just leave while her little daughter was suffering so deeply and childishly...
- How will I find her? – I asked.
“I’ll take you,” the answer whispered.
Only then did I suddenly notice that when she moved, her body easily seeped through furniture and other solid objects, as if it were woven from dense fog... I asked if it was difficult for her to be here? She said yes, because it was high time for her to leave... I also asked if it was scary to die? She said that it’s not scary to die, it’s more scary to watch those whom you leave behind, because there is so much you still want to tell them, but, unfortunately, nothing can be changed... I felt very sorry for her, so sweet, but helpless, and so unhappy... And I really wanted to help her, but, unfortunately, I didn’t know how?
The next day, I calmly returned home from my friend, with whom we usually practiced playing the piano together (since I didn’t have my own at that time). Suddenly, feeling some strange inner push, I, for no apparent reason, turned in the opposite direction and walked along a completely unfamiliar street... I didn’t walk for long until I stopped at a very pleasant house, completely surrounded by a flower garden. There, inside the courtyard, on a small playground, sat a sad, absolutely tiny girl. She looked more like a miniature doll than a living child. Only this “doll” for some reason was infinitely sad... She sat completely motionless and looked indifferent to everything, as if at that moment the world around her simply did not exist for her.
“Her name is Alina,” a familiar voice whispered inside me, “please talk to her...
I went to the gate and tried to open it. The feeling was not pleasant - as if I was forcibly breaking into someone’s life without asking permission. But then I thought about how miserable poor Veronica must have been and decided to take a risk. The little girl looked up at me with her huge, sky-blue eyes and I saw that they were filled with such deep melancholy that this tiny child simply should not have yet. I approached her very carefully, afraid to scare her away, but the girl had no intention of being scared, she just looked at me in surprise, as if asking what I needed from her.
I sat down next to her on the edge of the wooden partition and asked why she was so sad. She didn’t answer for a long time, and then finally whispered through her tears:
- My mother left me, but I love her so much... I guess I was very bad and now she will never come back.
I got lost. And what could I tell her? How to explain? I felt that Veronica was with me. Her pain literally twisted me into a hard, burning ball of pain and burned so hard that it became difficult to breathe. I wanted to help them both so much that I decided that whatever happens, I won’t leave without trying. I hugged the girl by her fragile shoulders and said as softly as possible:
– Your mother loves you more than anything in the world, Alina, and she asked me to tell you that she never abandoned you.
- So she lives with you now? – the girl bristled.
- No. She lives where neither you nor I can go. Her earthly life here with us is over, and she now lives in another, very beautiful world, from which she can watch you. But she sees how you suffer and cannot leave here. And she can’t stay here any longer either. That's why she needs your help. Would you like to help her?
- How do you know all this? Why is she talking to you?!.
I felt that she still didn’t believe me and didn’t want to recognize me as a friend. And I couldn’t figure out how to explain to this little, ruffled, unhappy girl that there was an “other”, distant world, from which, unfortunately, there was no return here. And that her beloved mother speaks to me not because she has a choice, but because I was simply “lucky” to be a little “different” than everyone else...
“All people are different, Alinushka,” I began. – Some have a talent for drawing, others for singing, but I have such a special talent for talking with those who have left our world forever. And your mother speaks to me not at all because she likes me, but because I heard her when no one else could hear her. And I am very glad that I can help her in at least something. She loves you very much and suffers very much because she had to leave... It hurts her very much to leave you, but it is not her choice. Do you remember that she was seriously ill for a long time? – the girl nodded. “It was this illness that forced her to leave you.” And now she must go to her new world in which she will live. And for this she must be sure that you know how much she loves you.
The girl looked at me sadly and quietly asked:
– She now lives with the angels?.. Dad told me that she now lives in a place where everything is like on the postcards that they give me for Christmas. And there are such beautiful winged angels... Why didn’t she take me with her?..
- Because you have to live your life here, dear, and then you will also go to the same world where your mother is now.
The girl beamed.
“So I’ll see her there?” – she babbled joyfully.
- Of course, Alinushka. So you should just be a patient girl and help your mom now if you love her so much.
- What should I do? – the little girl asked very seriously.
– Just think about her and remember her, because she sees you. And if you don't be sad, your mother will finally find peace.

Plan:

Introduction

• 1 Writing before 1918
• 2 Writing after 1918
• 3 Comparative table of Komi alphabets
• 4 Komi-Yazva alphabet
Notes
Literature

Introduction

In the pre-Christian era, the Komi used runic tribal signs - passes, carved on wooden hunting calendars and spinning wheels.

The alphabetic writing for the Komi language was created by the missionary Stefan of Perm at the end of the 14th century on the original graphics, the individual letters of which, however, were traceable to the Cyrillic alphabet. This alphabet, called abur or anbur, was used to a limited extent until the 16th century. Several icons with inscriptions on the abura have survived to this day.

1. Writing before 1918

In the 18th-19th centuries, a number of graphic systems were created for the Komi-Zyrian and Komi-Permyak languages. All of them were based on the Cyrillic alphabet. They published almost exclusively religious books and school textbooks. Until 1918, not only did there not exist a stable spelling standard, but even a permanent alphabet. In most cases, the Komi alphabet was the Russian alphabet with the addition of several characters for the specific sounds of the Komi language - ӧ, ӵ, ӝ, ӟ, ӂ, з̆ and others.

Differences between the alphabets of the Komi primers of the 19th - early 20th centuries. from the modern alphabet:

• Komi-Zyryansky
  • Popov A. ABC for Zyryansk youth or the easiest way for Zyryans to learn Russian literacy. St. Petersburg, 1865. No letters Yoyo, Yoyo. Present Ligature J, Ꚉꚉ, Cḣcḣ, Ъi ъi, Ѣѣ, Ji ji, Jo jo, Jӧ jӧ, Jы jы, Ѳѳ, Ѵѵ.
  • The ABC for the Zyryans-Izhma residents living in the Pechersk district of the Arkhangelsk province. Arkhangelsk, 1895. Letters are present Ѣѣ, Ѳѳ .
• Komi-Permyak
  • Let's get out of Permyak Pond. Perm, 1894. No letter Ӧӧ . Present Ѣѣ, Ѳѳ .
  • Primer for (north-eastern, Inven) Permians. Kazan, 1897. No letters Ii, Ff, Xx, Ts, Shch. Present Ӂӂ, Z̆z̆, Sh̆sh̆, Y̆y̆.
  • Primer for Perm residents of the Iven region. Kazan, 1899. No letters Ii, Tsts, Shch. Present Ӂӂ, Зз̆, йi, Ӵӵ, ъi, Ѳѳ
  • Primer for (north-eastern, Inven) Permians. Kazan, 1900. No letters Ii, Ff, Xx, Ts, Shch. Present Ӂӂ, Зз̆, Ӵӵ, ы̆ы̆.
  • Popov E. Let's wipe out the Komi servants. Kazan, 1904. No letters Ӧӧ, Ff, Xx, Tsts, Shch. Present d̅z̅, d̅j̅, ch̅sh̅, Ѣѣ, Ӭӭ
  • Primer for Permyak children (In the Cherdyn dialect). Kazan, 1908. No letters Ъъ, ь. Present Ӝӝ, Ӟӟ, Ӵӵ, Ѳѳ .

2. Writing after 1918

Latinized Komi alphabet (1930-1936)

In 1918, the Molodtsov alphabet based on Russian graphics was approved for the Komi language: A/a B/b B/c G/g Ԁ/ԁ Ԃ/ԃ E/e F/g Җ/җ Ԅ/ԅ Ԇ/ԇ І/і Ј/ј K/k L/l Ԉ/ԉ M/ m N/n Ԋ/ԋ O/o Ӧ/ӧ P/p R/r S/s Ԍ/ԍ T/t Ԏ/ԏ U/u Ch/h Sh/sh Sh/sh Y/s. Soon the orthography of the Komi language was compiled and approved. A lot of educational and fiction literature and newspapers were published in this alphabet. In 1930, this alphabet was replaced by a Latinized one. However, in 1936 the decision to transfer the Komi script to the Latin alphabet was recognized as erroneous and the Molodtsov alphabet was reintroduced. Two years later it was replaced by a more standard Russian alphabet with the addition of graphemes Ӧӧ, Іі and digraphs j, dz, tsh. The Komi-Zyryans and Komi-Permyaks still use this alphabet.

Letter Іі (“hard and”) is used after letters d, h, l, n, With, T to indicate their hardness (before “normal” And they are soft). Letters h, s before the subsequent front vowel ( And, e) and a soft sign denote alveo-palatal (“soft”) consonants (like Russian sch).

3. Comparative table of Komi alphabets

Komi-Permyak alphabet from the primer of 1897

Molodtsovsky alphabet from the primer 1926

Magazine "Udarnik" in the Latin alphabet

Cyrillic Castrena (19th century)	Cyrillic Sjögren (19th century)	Alphabet Molodtsova	Latin 1930-1936	Cyrillic since 1938
a	a	a	a	A
b	b	b	V	b
V	V	V	v	V
G	G	G	g	G
d	d	ԁ	d	d
dј	d̀	ԃ	d̦	d (soft)
j	j	җ	h	j
dz	dz	ԅ	ӡ	dz
		Yes	je	e
		Yo	jo	e
and	and	and	ƶ	and
h	h	h	z	h
zј	z̀	ԇ	z̡	z (soft)
і	і	і	i	and, i
ј	ј	ј	j	th
To	To	To	k	To
l	l	l	l	l
lј	l	ԉ	l̡	l (soft)
m	m	m	m	m
n	n	n	n	n
no	ǹ	ԋ	n̡	n (soft)
O	O	O	o	o
ӧ	ӧ	ӧ	ә	ӧ
P	P	P	p	P
R	R	R	r	R
With	With	With	s	With
sј	With	ԍ	ş	s (soft)
T	T	T	t	T
that's it	T	ԏ	t̡	t (soft)
at	at	at	u	at
			f	f
			x	X
			c	ts
h	h	sch	є	tsh
what	h	h	ç	h
w	w	w	s̷	w
				ъ
s	s	s	b	s
				b
e	e	e	e	uh
		Yeah	ju	Yu
		Yeah	ja	I

4. Komi-Yazva alphabet

In 2003, the first primer in the Komi-Yazvin language was published. The alphabet of this primer is somewhat different from the Komi-Zyryan and Komi-Permyak alphabets: there are no letters II, Dz dz, added Ӱӱ , Өө, Dch dch .

Notes

1. Komi language. Encyclopedia / G. V. Fedyuneva. - M: DIK, 1998. - 608 p. - ISBN 5-7903-0045-6
2. A.L. Parshakova Komi-Yazva primer. - Perm, 2003.

Literature

• Castren M.A. De Litteris // Basics of Zyrjaenae grammar - books.google.com/books?id=A5FPAAAAYAAJ&hl=ru&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false = Elementa grammatices Syrjaenae. - Helsingforsiae, 1844. - pp. 1-15.
• Rogov N.A. Section One. About letters // Experience in the grammar of the Permyak language - books.google.com/books?id=OTtFAAAAYAAJ&hl=ru&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false. - St. Petersburg. , 1860. - P. 1-8.

Introduction

If you want to know the truth, start with the ABCs.
Proverb

All living languages ​​have their own alphabet, which reflects the history of the people and their traditions. The formation of any alphabet is a long process. The value of the alphabet lies in its elegant simplicity, in its ability to express a wide range of vocal sounds with twenty or thirty individual letters.

Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary (24th edition, 2007) gives us the following definitions of the alphabet: 1. The same as the alphabet. 2. The order of letters adopted in the alphabet. Thus, an alphabet is a writing system based on a more or less strict adherence to the so-called phonetic principle, according to which one symbol (one letter) corresponds to one sound of a certain language. Today it is the most common writing principle in the world.

There are many alphabets in the world. They are very diverse in appearance and historical origin. Most alphabets have between 20 and 30 letters.

The word “alphabet” comes from the names of the first two letters of the Greek alphabet - alpha And beta. It was the Greeks who contributed to the spread of alphabetic writing in most countries of the world. The English word “is constructed in the same way.” abecedary” or Russian “ ABC".

The topic of the work is a comparative analysis of alphabets in Russian, English, Komi-Permyak languages

Target work - compare and study the system of vowels and consonants in Russian, English, Komi-Permyak languages.

Tasks:

1) Define the concept of alphabet.

2) Study the emergence and history of the English, Russian and Komi-Permyak alphabets.

3) Make a comparative sound analysis in the English, Russian and Komi-Permyak alphabets.

4) Study the features of the system of vowels and consonants in Russian, English, Komi-Permyak languages.

Object of study– Russian, English, Komi-Permyak languages.

Subject of study- alphabets in Russian, English, Komi-Permyak languages.

Methods– comparison, juxtaposition.

We consider this topic to be relevant, since knowledge of a language is impossible without knowledge of its alphabet. As is known, discrepancies in the letters and sounds of the Russian, English and Komi-Permyak alphabets create considerable difficulties for beginners in learning English and the Komi-Permyak languages.

Chapter 1.

Russian alphabet. The history of the creation of the Russian alphabet

The Russian alphabet that we use today is derived from the Slavic alphabet. Its compilers were two priests - the Bulgarian brothers Constantine and Methodius in the 9th century. On the border with Bulgaria there was one of the largest Byzantine provinces, the capital of which was the city of Thessaloniki. The population there was half Greek, half Slavic, and in the family of boys, the mother was Greek, the father was Bulgarian, and therefore from childhood they had 2 native languages ​​- Greek and Slavic. Constantine received an excellent education at the imperial palace in the capital of Byzantium - Constantinople. He quickly studied grammar, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music, and knew 22 languages. In 863, ambassadors from the Khazars came to Constantinople to the Greek king, asking to send teachers to explain the true faith. The Tsar invited Cyril to his place and said: “Go, Philosopher, to these people and, with the help of the Holy Trinity, bless them for the teaching of the Most Holy Trinity.” Cyril agreed and persuaded brother Methodius to go with him. They went together.

Cyril and Methodius lived among the Slavs for 40 months, moving from one place to another, everywhere teaching the people in the Slavic language.

On May 24, 863, in the city of Pliska, which at that time was the capital of Bulgaria, the brothers Cyril and Methodius announced the invention of the Slavic alphabet. They translated the Gospel and other liturgical books into Slavic. Since 1987, a holiday of Slavic writing and culture began to be held in our country on this day.

After the death of Cyril and Methodius, their disciples were expelled from Moravia and found refuge in Bulgaria. Here a new Slavic alphabet was created based on Greek, it was supplemented with letters borrowed from the Glagolitic alphabet. Since Constantine became a monk before his death and took the name Cyril, the new Slavic alphabet was named in memory of the man who first compiled it.

This new alphabet was called “Cyrillic” (Appendix No. 1) in honor of Kirill.

For some time the Slavs used both alphabets, but then the Bulgarians, Serbs and Russians, who were under the ecclesiastical influence of Byzantium, adopted the Glagolitic alphabet (Appendix No. 2) has fallen out of use.

The originality of the Cyrillic alphabet was manifested in the fact that it always used one letter to represent one sound.

In Rus', the Cyrillic alphabet became widespread after the adoption of Christianity (988).

Thus, in the modern Russian alphabet there are 33 letters, 10 of them indicate vowels, and 23 consonants. Modern Russian alphabet (Appendix No. 3) developed on the basis of the Cyrillic alphabet, which is a creative processing of the Greek (Byzantine) alphabet. When compiling it, 24 Greek letters were used, most of which received Slavic names: “az”, “beeches”, “vedi”, “verb”, “good”, “is”, etc. At the same time, the creators of the Cyrillic alphabet, taking into account the phonetic features of the Old Church Slavonic language, introduced 19 more letters that were absent in the Greek-Byzantine letter (some of them were “invented” by the compilers of the Cyrillic alphabet, some were borrowed from other ancient alphabets.) If we compare the Cyrillic alphabet and the modern alphabet, then the changes will not be very significant: 14 Cyrillic letters were not fixed and 4 letters appeared again.

Chapter 2.

English alphabet. The history of the creation of the English alphabet

The problem of the history of the English alphabet was dealt with by such scientists as Galperin I.R., Zinder L.R., Smirnitsky A.I., Yartseva V.N., Rastorgueva T.A.

Writing in English appeared around the 5th century AD. e., Anglo-Saxon runes were used for recording. The runic alphabet is a Germanic alphabet that did not exist in any other group of languages. It consists of 24 characters and contains only oblique and broken lines, since they were carved on wood or carved on stone and served only to record small inscriptions on objects.

The history of the English alphabet is organically connected with the history of the country and is traditionally divided into three periods: Old English, Middle English and New English.

The penetration of Christianity into England had the strongest influence on the formation of the English alphabet.

The letters in the English language have undergone certain changes. Of all the modified letterforms used in this font – d, f, g only g. has survived. In the Old English version of the Latin alphabet, the letters i And j , u And v did not differ, letters k, q, x And w were not used at all. Moreover, a new letter was added - the crossed out d is .

In the 17th century, the English alphabet was finally formed (Appendix 5). In the USA and Great Britain, many attempts were made to reform the alphabet, but all the proposed innovations were never widely adopted.

Thus, learning English begins with learning the English alphabet. The basis of the modern English alphabet is the Latin alphabet (Appendix No. 4). The English alphabet consists of 26 letters, 6 letters representing vowels and 20 letters representing consonants.

Chapter 3

Komi-Permyak language. The history of the creation of the Komi-Permyak language.

In 1379, the Komi apostle, a native of Veliky Ustyug, Saint Stephen of Perm, began his educational activities. (Appendix No. 6). His special merit is the creation of the Komi alphabet (Appendix No. 7)(Zyryan alphabet) based on Slavic and Greek writing. The system of the newly invented writing was fully consistent with the Cyrillic tradition (except for the specific designation of soft consonants: . Although it is generally accepted that to compile the Zyryansk alphabet, Stefan used the Zyryans’ money badges, which they carved on thin quadrangular sticks ( passes). The ancient Permian alphabet consists of 25 main letters and 8 additional ones, which appeared at a later time under the influence of the Russian language. By the 17th-18th centuries. Old Perm writing is finally falling out of use, but it continued to exist for a long time as a secret writing in the Russian-speaking environment. It was used by scribes to make secret notes in the margins of books. For example: look, Amen– . To date, only a few original sources written in the alphabet of Stephen of Perm have survived. These are mainly small fragments on icons and notes in the margins of church literature.

The Old Permian letter, apparently, should be considered as a modified Cyrillic alphabet. Although it is possible that this letter was somewhat influenced by pictographic signs of Komi property. The graphonyms of the ancient Permian script do not coincide with the Cyrillic ones. Despite the short duration of the functioning of the letter of Stefan of Perm, it had great educational significance. Thanks to him, the Komi became one of the few peoples of Russia with an original ancient written culture.

Saint Stephen translated sermons, teachings and church books from Slavic into the Zyryan language, and at the end of the 14th century he created the first alphabet for the Komi people. This was the first Ural alphabet. For his educational feat, Stefan of Perm was canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church.

Thus, the original Komi-Permyak alphabet was created by Saint Stephen of Perm; the alphabet was formed on the basis of Slavic and Greek writing. The Komi-Permyak alphabet has 35 letters, 12 of which represent vowels and 23 letters represent consonants.

Chapter 4

Features of pronunciation of sounds in Russian

Pronunciation of vowels.

In Russian speech, only vowels that are under stress are pronounced clearly: s[a]d, v[o]lk, d[o]m. Vowels that are in an unstressed position lose their clarity and definition. It is called law of reduction (from Latin Reducire - to reduce).

Vowels [a] and [o] at the beginning, words without stress and in the first pre-stressed syllable are pronounced as [a]: deer - [a]laziness, being late - [a]p[a]zdat, magpie - s[a]roka.

In an unstressed position after hard consonants in place of the letter o pronounced short (reduced) unclear sound. For example: side - side [a]rona, head - g[a]lova, dear - d[a]rogoy, gunpowder - gunpowder[']kh, gold - ash[']t['].

After soft consonants in the first pre-stressed syllable in place of letters a, e, i make a sound average between [e] and [i]. Conventionally, this sound is indicated by the sign [and e]: tongue - [and e]zyk, pen - p[i e]ro, clock - h[i e]sy.

The vowel [and] after a hard consonant, preposition, or when pronouncing a word together with the previous one is pronounced as [s]: pedagogical institute - pedagogical institute, to Ivan - to [y]van, laughter and tears - laughter [s] tears. If there is a pause, [i] does not turn into [s]: laughter and tears.

Pronunciation of consonants.

Voiced consonants, standing before deaf people and at the end of words, are stunned. This is one of the characteristic features of Russian literary speech. We pronounce stol [p] - pillar, snow [k] - snow, ruka [f] - sleeve, etc. You should pay attention to the fact that the consonant [g] at the end of a word always turns into a paired dull sound [k ]: smo[k] - smog, dr[k] - friend, etc. In this case, the pronunciation of the sound [x] is considered as dialectal. The exception is the word god - bo[x].

[G] is pronounced like [X] in combinations gk and gch: le[hk"]y – light, le[hk]o – easy.

Voiceless consonants standing before voiced ones are pronounced as their corresponding voiced ones: [z]dat - hand over, pro[z"]ba - request.

There is a fluctuation in the pronunciation of words with the combination chn, which is associated with a change in the rules of the old Moscow pronunciation. According to the norms of modern Russian literary language, the combination chn That's how it's usually pronounced [chn], This especially applies to words of book origin (endless, careless), as well as relatively new words (camouflage, landing). The combination chn is pronounced like [shn] in female patronymics it is -ichna: Kuzmini[sh]a, Lukini[sh]a, Ilyini[sh]a, and is also preserved in individual words: horse[sh]o, skuk[sh]no, egg[sh]itsa, skvore[sh]ik, etc. -tsya and -tsya at the end verbs are pronounced like [tssa]: smile[tsa] – smiles.

Thus, the pronunciation and writing of vowels and consonants in the Russian alphabet are not the same.

Chapter 5

Features of pronunciation of sounds in English

The specificity of the English language and the English alphabet is that there are significant differences between how the letters of the English alphabet are written and how they are read. Therefore, in order to correctly pronounce the English letters that make up words, transcription is used in language teaching, which clearly indicates how a particular letter is pronounced in a particular word.

Vowel sounds

In the English language, long and short sounds (phonemes) are distinguished - this is a phenomenon unfamiliar to the Russian language. For example: no matter how long you lengthen the vowel “o” in the word “ cat", the meaning will not change.

In English, these differences must be observed; the meaning of the word depends on the length of the vowel, for example:

• port port - pot pot
• sheep - ship ship

Long vowel phonemes: [J], [R], [L], [H], [W].

Short vowel phonemes: [I], [e], [x], [O], [u], [A], [q].

Consonant sounds.

In the Russian language, it is customary to “deafen” final voiced consonants and pronounce the corresponding voiceless consonants instead. In English, final voiced consonants cannot be “stunned”, as this leads to a change in the meaning of the word:

• bed bed- bet bet

This mistake is as unacceptable as replacing a voiced consonant with a voiceless consonant before a vowel in Russian (for example, in the word " daughter"replace [d] with [t], then you get" dot"; "fire-ball").

Another feature of the Russian language is the softening of consonants (palatalization), when, along with hard consonants, there are corresponding soft ones, which has a word-distinguishing character: horse - horse, weight - all. In English, consonants are not softened and are always pronounced firmly. When pronouncing the Russian “I love”, an Englishman will pronounce “Lublu”.

Diphthongs

The first of its constituent vowels is stressed and syllable-forming. The second element of the diphthong is very short, the tongue usually does not reach the position necessary to pronounce it. The longitude of a diphthong (the longitude of its first element) approximately corresponds to the duration of historically long monophthongs. The second element of the diphthong is very short. In the final position before a pause, diphthongs are pronounced protractedly, before voiced consonants somewhat shorter, and before voiceless consonants very briefly.

Thus, in the English language, long and short sounds are distinguished; these differences should be strictly observed, since this can change the meaning of the word, but in the Russian language there are no such features, and also in the Russian language there are no diphthongs, but they are characteristic of the English language. Diphthongs are complex sounds consisting of two vowel sounds pronounced together.

Chapter 6

Peculiarities of pronunciation of sounds in the Komi-Permyak language

For all of the above cases, it would be possible to maintain variation in spelling, i.e., for example, Zyryans write “kurytzhyk” and read “kurydzhyk”, just like Permians, according to modern orthography, write “unazhyk” and read “unazhyk” "

The problem is more difficult to solve unambiguously: “ydzhyt ~ ydzhyd”, “velotny” ~ “velodny”. The etymological here is, of course, the unvoiced variant. However, in order to remove homonymy, it would be possible to accept the Zyryan version for verbal word formation (velodny “to teach”), and in other cases write the etymological (and Permyak) t: gizhod “make write”, gizhot “writing, artistic work”, here ydzhyt "big", sizimot "seventh". Voicing a plosive between vowels would not be particularly difficult for Permians, just as deafening it at the end of a word would not be difficult for Zyryans.

Similarly, one can draw a divergence between the suffixal forms -is and -ys (taking into account the very successful Udmurt experience). Permyak -is is also known to a significant number of Zyryan dialects; ys is also implemented in Permyak pronunciation in a number of positions (for example, after l). When unifying spelling, it is more convenient to offer the first of these suffixes for use in verbal and verbal word formation (lydisny, gizhi), the second - in the field of case inflection of nouns (vurunys). In order to harmonize the case system, it is worth giving the s-oval vowel to the possessive case suffix - lys: mortlys.

As for the plural suffix of nouns, its unification in the “single Komi standard” is possible only if Solomon’s decision is made the other way around (Permyak -ez and Zyryansky -yas are too far from each other to give preference to one of them). The only way to achieve a compromise here is to merge Zyryan consonantism with Permyak vocalism, which means the -es form: kanes, ponies, pues. Realization with the vowel e occurs in certain Zyryan dialects, final s is possible in the Permyak standard in the definite possessive declension, i.e. the perception of a compromise form should not cause any particular difficulties. Articulation is another matter. At the first stage, it is quite possible to leave everything as it is: the Permyaks double the final consonant of the stem and swallow the iota after the vowel, and the Zyryans pronounce their a. In the future, spelling could also influence spelling o.

Thus, we studied the features of pronunciation in the Komi-Permyak language and found that the pronunciation and spelling of vowels and consonants, as well as in the Russian alphabet, do not coincide.

Chapter 7

Questionnaire

To determine the results of the process of answering questions about alphabets in Russian, English and the Komi-Permyak languages, a survey was conducted among 8th grade students at school No. 1. They were asked a questionnaire consisting of 3 questions.

Research objectives:

• get an idea of ​​whether students know the alphabet in Russian, English and Komi-Permyak languages.
• to determine whether students know the history of the creation of alphabets in Russian, English, Komi-Permyak languages.

A total of 25 people were interviewed.

Question #1

The following question was asked to respondents:

How many letters are in the Russian, English, Komi-Permyak alphabet?

Here are some answers:

• In the Russian alphabet: 33.
• In English: 26, 27.
• In Komi-Permyak: 30, 32, 35.

Here are the correct answers:

Thus, all respondents were able to correctly determine the number of letters in the Russian alphabet. And disagreements arose regarding the number of letters in the English and Komi-Permyak alphabets.

Question #2

The students were asked the following question:

From which ancient alphabets did the modern Russian, English, Komi-Permyak alphabets come?

Here are some of the answers:

• The modern Russian alphabet comes from: Glagolitic alphabet, Cyrillic alphabet, Latin alphabet.
• The modern English alphabet comes from: Latin, Greek, I don’t know.
• The modern Komi-Permyak alphabet comes from: Greek, Slavic.

Here are the correct answers:

Thus, not everyone knows from which ancient Russian languages ​​the modern Russian, English, and Komi-Permyak alphabets originated.

Question #3

The respondents were asked the following question:

Who do you think are the creators of the original alphabets in Russian, English, Komi-Permyak languages?

Here are some answers:

• Creators of the Russian alphabet: Cyril and Methodius.
• Creators of the English alphabet: I don’t know, it’s not known for sure.
• Creators of the Komi-Permyak language: I don’t know, Stefan Permsky.

Here are the correct answers:

Thus, not everyone knows the founders of the alphabets.

Conclusion

In conclusion, we can say that Russian, English, Komi-Permyak alphabets are very different in their structure and pronunciation. And also different in history of creation.

During the study, it was revealed that not each of the respondents can correctly determine the number of letters in the Russian, English, Komi-Permyak alphabets. And also to determine from which ancient Russian alphabets modern Russian, English, Komi-Permyak originated.

And only a few were able to answer the questions. Consequently, we can conclude that all respondents know very little about the history of the creation of English and their native Komi-Permyak language.

It should also be noted that this work is a continuation of my previous work, which was on the topic: a comparative approach using the example of the analysis of some grammatical categories of English, Russian and Komi-Permyak languages.

Literature

1. Ozhegov S.I. Dictionary of the Russian language. (24th edition). M., 2007.

2. Retunskaya Zh.S. History of the Russian language in teaching school courses. 2006.

3. Romanov A.S. English-Russian, Russian-English dictionary 120 thousand words. 2011.

4. Stolbunova S.V. Historical commentary on the modern Russian language. M., 2008.

5. Tudvaseva Z.K., L.M. Voilokova. Phrasebook Komi-Permyak language, 2008.

6. Chernykh A.V. Peoples of the Perm region. Culture and ethnography, 2007.

7. http://ehttp://sergeytsvetkov.livejournal.com/210335.

8. html://nvoc.ru/code/alphavit.php

Everyone knows about the Cyrillic and Glagolitic alphabet, created in the 9th century by the legendary brothers Cyril and Methodius, as well as their students, to translate the Holy Scriptures into Old Church Slavonic. But not everyone knows that for a long time another writing system existed in Russia – ancient Permian.

Until the 17th century, it was actively used by the Komi-Permyaks, Komi-Zyrians, Russians and representatives of some other peoples. So what is this forgotten letter and how did it come about?

History of creation

The authorship of ancient Perm writing belongs to the Russian missionary and educator Stefan of Perm (about 1345-1396). This extraordinary person, known in the world as Stepan Khrap, was one of the associates of St. Sergius of Radonezh. Having become the first bishop of Perm in history, Stefan was faced with the need to translate church texts into the language of the Komi-Zyryans. For this purpose, he developed an original alphabet, which was called “anbur” (or “abur”) - after the first two letters.

The creation of ancient Permian writing was a significant event for the inhabitants of the northeastern region of the European part of Russia. It is noteworthy that the anbur was used not only by representatives of the Komi people, part of the Finno-Ugric language group, but also by many educated people of that era. Starting from the 15th century, the symbols of the ancient Perm alphabet were often used for secret correspondence if the information for one reason or another was not intended for prying eyes.

Like any medieval Christian missionary, Stefan actively fought against the pagan beliefs widespread among the Komi-Zyryans. Historians often accuse him of destroying monuments of ancient culture. However, this educator did a lot. The Perm bishop translated many church texts into the Komi-Zyryan language, including the Psalter, Book of Hours, individual fragments from the Gospel, holiday services and the Divine Liturgy. Stefan opened schools at temples, where local youth studied the Holy Scriptures in their native language.

The missionary's active educational activities were highly appreciated by his contemporaries and followers. The bishop was officially canonized in 1549.

Representatives of the Komi people are proud of their handwritten culture and evaluate the missionary’s activities, in general, positively. Every year on April 26, when the Orthodox Church pays tribute to Stephen, the region celebrates the Day of Ancient Permian Writing.

The educational activities of Russian theologians who translated the Holy Scriptures into the languages ​​of the peoples of Russia have, in general, been little studied. The main reason for this situation is the lack of texts suitable for research. For example, Bishop Gury of Kazan (circa 1500-1563) created the original Mari church writing, but the texts he translated have not survived.

Features of the alphabet

In his book “Ancient Permian Language”, the famous philologist Vasily Lytkin (1895-1981) noted that the basis for Anbur was the Cyrillic alphabet, local runic symbols and the Greek alphabet.

Modern science does not have a clear idea of ​​the pre-Christian writing of the Komi people. It is alleged that to compile the alphabet, Stefan of Perm used passes - quadrangular wooden plates with runic signs carved on them, which served as money among the Zyryans of the 14th century. These symbols have survived to this day only as an integral part of the heraldry of the Komi people.

And yet, most researchers are inclined to consider the ancient Permian writing to be a modified Cyrillic alphabet, rearranged in accordance with the peculiarities of the speech of the Komi people.

The original version of Anbur consisted of 24 letters. But since there were more sounds in the Zyryan language, additional letters were subsequently added to the main ones.

Old Perm differs from most modern Komi dialects in that the sound “o” in it means both “howl” and “omega”. The fact is that in the language of the Zyryans of the 14th century there were both open and closed “o”. Then, in the process of unification, both sounds merged into one.

In addition, initially in the ancient Permian language there were 8 pairs of consonants: hard and soft. Moreover, softness was indicated using a special diacritic located above the letter. Here is a list of the main consonants: “zh”, “sh”, “l”, “n”, “t”, “d”, “ch”, “j”. It is interesting that the last of the listed letters, specific to the ancient Permian language, in its soft version was written as “d"z".

In the very first version of Anbur there was no “v”, and the corresponding sound was indicated by the vowel “u”, which combined two phonemes at once. Later, the letter “ver” was introduced into the ancient Permian writing. Similarly, to indicate the closed “e”, “yat” was added. In addition, the language was supplemented with “yu”, “ts”, “ya”, “f”, “b”, “x” and “b”. Much later, the letters of Anbur were accompanied by “th”, previously designated as a simple “and” with a dot.

Researcher Vasily Lytkin writes that thanks to additional letters, the writing of the Komi people in the 17th century was already ready for the transition to the Cyrillic alphabet.

Manuscript monuments and modernity

Only a few monuments of ancient Permian writing have survived to this day. Among them are ten handwritten alphabets, inscriptions on icons: “Trinity” and “Descent” of the 15th century, an entry in the handwritten book of Gregory Sinaida, the signature of Bishop Philotheus of Perm under a charter dated 1474. Individual words and letters of anbur are found in texts of the 16th-17th centuries; with their help, some Moscow scribes left secret notes in the margins of manuscripts.

At the end of the 17th century, ancient Perm writing was almost completely replaced by the Cyrillic alphabet. Nowadays Anbur letters are used in arts and crafts. Mysterious signs, which once served as secret writing, decorate wall panels, various souvenirs, books, and heraldic paraphernalia. Original computer fonts were created based on the alphabet developed by Stefan Permsky.

It is noteworthy that the famous poet Ivan Kuratov (1839-1875), wanting to revive the traditions of his people, wrote poems using the letters anbur.