Two branches of the science of language - syntax and punctuation - are always studied together. Simple cases of comma placement, for example, the obligatory comma before A and BUT, usually do not cause difficulties. But to isolate secondary ones, knowledge of the basics of syntax is necessary.

Under a number of conditions, secondary members can be distinguished from both sides and circumstances.

The adverb in a sentence answers the questions of adverbs, since it denotes a sign of action or, much less frequently, not only an adverb, but also any independent

The isolation of circumstances expressed by a single gerund, although it has its own subtleties, is easily learned by schoolchildren. The presence of a gerund in a sentence is a kind of signal to insert a comma.

Another thing is a clarifying circumstance. Examples of this kind are more difficult to detect: they are not so obvious.

What is a qualifying circumstance?

Clarifying members, as is already clear from the term itself, clarify the information contained in the sentence:

All my childhood friends, (who exactly?) especially Mikhail, are very dear to me.

Dark, (what exactly?) almost coal-black eyes stood out on his pale face.

A little girl ran into the room, (which one specifically?) no older than our son.

The clarification is always separated by a dash.

A separate qualifying circumstance in most cases specifies the time and place of action.

If we have a clarifying circumstance of time, then the sentence, in addition to it, should contain generalized information about when the action is performed:

We left late in the evening, (when exactly?) at eleven o'clock.

At the end of August, (when exactly?) on the twenty-fifth, my only brother was born.

The clarifying circumstance of place details and narrows information about where the event described in the sentence occurs:

Andrey lives very close to us, (where exactly?) a five-minute walk.

Ahead, (where exactly?) in the very center of the road, we noticed a huge pit.

Geographical names and addresses are often specified:

Last summer we returned from another city, (where exactly?) Vladivostok.

My friend moved to the Oktyabrsky district of Samara, (where exactly?) on Michurina Street.

Less common is the clarifying circumstance of the course of action:

The soldiers tried to talk as quietly as possible, (how exactly?) almost in a whisper.

Perepelkin listened to me attentively, (how exactly?) with some special respect.

Clarifying circumstances with other meanings are also distinguished.

To correctly place punctuation marks, it is important to understand the context of the sentence:

Artists performed in the square in the city center. (The square is located in the central part of the city)

Artists performed on the square in the city center. (The artists perform on the square located in the city center).

A hint for isolating clarifying members of a sentence is intonation. But you should not focus only on semantic pauses in the speech flow; it is better to pay attention to the syntactic role of the structure and select a question for it.

In the section on the question What is a separate qualifying circumstance? given by the author I-beam the best answer is Isolation of clarifying circumstances.
Clarification means narrowing the scope of a concept, its specification. The following points must be remembered:
a) if there is one circumstance in a sentence, it cannot be clarifying;
b) clarifying circumstances can be of three categories: place, time, manner of action;
c) a clarifying circumstance must appear after a circumstance of the same category and narrow and specify its meaning; then it is separated by commas.
For example, in the sentence Just yesterday the leaves were rustling in the garden, there are two circumstances, but there are no clarifying ones among them, since these circumstances are of different categories: yesterday - time and in the garden - place. In the following sentences, the isolations show all the signs of clarifying circumstances: Under a hillock, in a deep ravine, the river Vertushinka muttered (K. Paustovsky); Quietly, with fear, she told him something strange (M. Gorky). He shook his curls and self-confidently, almost defiantly, looked up at the sky (I. Turgenev).

Answer from Daryana Dary[newbie]
Clarifying members of a sentence are used to concretize, clarify, and supplement the meaning of the word to which they relate. Most often, the role of clarifying members is played by circumstances of place, time, manner of action, degree. Clarifying members of a sentence are isolated and highlighted in writing with commas or a dash.

In a simple sentence, members of the sentence with meaning are distinguished by intonation and meaning clarifications, clarifications and additions. In general, they have the function of additional messages.

In sentences with clarifying, explanatory and connecting members, the following punctuation marks are used: comma, dash.

A) Clarifying members of the sentence

When clarifying, they differentiate clarifying And to be specified members of the proposal. Those members of a sentence that clarify other, clarifying members are called clarifying.

Words and phrases that clarify the meaning of the preceding words are isolated (separated by a comma at the beginning and at the end of the sentence and highlighted on both sides in the middle of the sentence).

In relation to the specified members, clarifying members serve as names that are more specific in meaning, since they narrow the concept conveyed by the specified (main) member of the sentence, or in some way limit it. Thus, the members being specified and specifying are correlated as general and particular, broad and specific, generic and specific, and the specifying member of the sentence follows the specified one (and not vice versa!).

Wed: Tomorrow ,(when exactly?) at six o'clock in the evening, a meeting of members of the cooperative will take place. - At six o'clock in the evening there will be a meeting of members of the cooperative.

All members of the proposal can be specified.

1. Most often specified circumstances of place and time, since they can be designated very generally and vaguely ( there, there, from there; everywhere, everywhere; then, then and etc.). It is the clarifying term that gives specificity:

There ,(where exactly?) on the horizon, a pale pink strip of light glowed(M. Gorky); Now,(when exactly?) after the flood, it was a river six fathoms(Chekhov).

Sometimes the relationship between broader and narrower concepts can be dictated only by a given context:

Tonight Yegor Ivanovich and I are going to Petrograd,(where exactly? / to whom exactly?) to Masha (A.N. Tolstoy).

Often, clarifying circumstances of a place form a chain, line up in a row:

Ahead,(where exactly?) far away, (where exactly?) on the other side of the foggy sea, prominent wooded hills were visible(L. Tolstoy).

2. Can be specified other circumstances, if they have a broader meaning than the clarifying one:

He shook his curls and self-confidently,(how exactly?) almost defiantly, looked up at the sky(Turgenev); He was careful(how exactly? / to what extent exactly?) until the pink gloss on the cheeks, shaved(Antonov).

Note!

1) Sometimes a series of circumstances may be devoid of a clarifying shade of meaning and be perceived (in this context!) as different sides of one phenomenon, without semantic subordination.

Several people are walking through the snow across the street to the house (Bykov).

If you put commas between the circumstances, then the relationship between them will become somewhat different: each subsequent one will be logically highlighted, perceived as subordinate to the previous one, which will enhance the impression of tension and even danger of the moment being described.

Wed: Several people are walking in the snow, across the street, into the house.

Pay attention to how the intonation changes!

2) Depending on the meaning, the same words can be considered as clarifying or not as specifying circumstances. Compare the sentences given in pairs:

Far away in the forest the blows of an ax were heard(the listener is also in the forest). - Far , In the woods, blows of an ax were heard(the listener is outside the forest).

The children settled down in a clearing between the bushes (the clearing is surrounded by bushes, but there are no bushes in the clearing itself). - The children settled down in the clearing, between the bushes (the bushes are located in the clearing itself).

3) If, in the presence of two circumstances of time, the second of them does not serve to limit the concept expressed by the first, then it is not clarifying and a comma is not placed between them.

In 1961, 12th of April, man flew into space for the first time. - On April 12, 1961, man flew into space for the first time.

3. May be specified agreed definitions with the meaning of color, size, age, etc.:

Another ,(which one exactly?) last thing, a legend - and my chronicle is finished(Pushkin); Here and there women peeked out,(which ones exactly?) mostly old ladies, heads(Turgenev).

Clarifying definitions can specify the general meaning of pronouns this, this, each, one(not in the meaning of a numeral, but in the meaning of a pronoun), etc.:

Chichikov was a little puzzled by this,(which one exactly?) partly sharp, definition (Gogol); Not a single trace, neither of the sled, nor of the human, nor of the animal, was visible (L. Tolstoy); I wanted to distinguish myself before this, (how exactly?) dear to me, human (M. Gorky).

Note!

1) The isolation of clarifying agreed definitions is a rather rare phenomenon and largely depends on the will of the writer. Typically, definitions with a clarifying meaning are considered homogeneous, that is, a comma is placed not on both sides, but on one side - between the definitions.

With quick steps I walked through a long “square” of bushes, climbed a hill and... saw completely different, strangers there's room for me(Turgenev).

2) Clarifying definitions can be added through subordinating conjunctions.

Irresistible, albeit quiet, the power carried me away(Turgenev); You can't kill yourself like that over something simple, albeit so expensive, suit(Savelyev).

But if the definition attached by a subordinating conjunction is homogeneous in relation to the previous one and does not have the nature of clarification (semantic and intonation!), then a comma is not placed after it.

Received important although not final intelligence.

4. More often, in comparison with agreed upon definitions, clarifying ones are isolated inconsistent definitions:

The boat walked, constantly moving in black,(which one?) almost inky color, shadows cast by high coastal cliffs(Simonov); It was a young man of short stature, with an inconspicuous mustache, in a simple,(which one?) striped shirt(Soloukhin); A young woman came in(which exactly?) seventeen years old, girl(Kuprin); Gavrik examined the little schoolboy in a long,(which one?) to toe, overcoat(Kataev).

5. Words give a clarifying character to the statement more precisely, more precisely, otherwise etc., however, the members of the sentence following them are not isolated, since the specified words, which have the meaning of introductory ( more precisely, more accurately, otherwise, rather are equivalent in meaning to the phrases “more precisely,” “in other words,” etc.), themselves separated by commas:

His kindness, or rather, his generosity touched me(in this example, the predicate agrees with the word closest to it, from which it cannot be separated by a comma); Quite recently, more precisely, an article of similar content was published in the last issue of the magazine; The data given in the report should be supplemented, or rather clarified.

The words moreover can act as clarifying words. They are separated by commas, while the definition that follows them is not:

It would be stupidity, nay, madness, to miss such an opportunity; He deeply respected his friend, moreover, he admired him.

Note!

The word is rather not separated by commas if used in the following meanings:

A)“better”, “more willing”:

b)"it's better to say":

Pavel Petrovich slowly walked back and forth in the dining room..., uttering some remark or rather an exclamation, like “ah! hey! hm!”(Turgenev); He was not surprised, but rather pleased by this question.

Note. Clarifying parts of a sentence are usually separated by commas. However, it is also possible to set such a sign as dash.

A dash is usually placed in the following cases:

a) in clarifying circumstances, if not only the clarifying, but also the insertive nature of the circumstances is emphasized, for example: The rooks screamed across the river in the branches, and everywhere - in the bushes and grass- the birds sang and chirped(A.N. Tolstoy);

b) when emphasizing the sequence of clarification and correlation of clarifying and clarifying members, for example: He got a job in a mine, part-time- After school(Baruzdin). Here is the circumstance to the mine is explained by the entire following construction part-time - after school, and this construction has its own clarification After school, separated by a dash. Using a comma instead of a dash in this context is impossible, since a comma would distort the meaning, equalizing the positions of all three circumstances (cf.: to the mine, part-time, after school). And the dash emphasizes that the circumstances are unequally related to each other;

c) when specifying the nominal part of the predicate (cf.: The snow here was shallow - ankle-deep ).

B) Explanatory members of the sentence

Explanatory members of a sentence explain the meaning of the preceding members of the sentence. Explanatory and explanatory terms in principle denote identical concepts.

Difference between clarifying And explanatory members of the sentence is that clarification is a transition from a broader concept to a narrower one, and clarification is the designation of the same concept in other words.

Thus, explanatory terms are second names in relation to the first ones, expressing for various reasons this or that concept is not sufficiently defined and understandable:

Especially for us, Russians, conciseness should be close and precious.(Chernyshevsky); He imagined his home - six large rooms (M. Gorky); Sometimes you want to do something - read(Gogol).

1. The explanatory part of the sentence is preceded by the words exactly, namely, that is, that is:

She was brought up in the antique way, that is, surrounded by mothers, nannies, girlfriends and hay girls (Pushkin); We rode on our horses in leather, that is, in a mat-covered runner (Aksakov); While, exactly a year ago, I also collaborated on magazines(Dostoevsky); The third day that is, that week, I tell the elder...(Sleptsov).

If there are no words in a sentence exactly, namely, that is these words can be inserted:

Grandfather Semyon had his own golden and unfulfilled dream - to become a carpenter(Paustovsky); He always wanted one thing with all the strength of his soul - be quite good (L. Tolstoy).

Note!

1) In the absence of explanatory conjunctions that is, exactly, namely and if there is an explanation, emphasis is usually placed using a dash rather than a comma.

There was only one conversation - about the weather; His profession was the most peaceful - a teacher.

2) There is a colon in the explanatory part of the sentence. Usually a colon is added to avoid two dashes.

Another way has been suggested: use of some types of marine plants- algae, rich in many valuable substances.

2. Explanatory members of a sentence can be joined by a conjunction or (meaning “that is”):

Note!

The conjunction or can have a disjunctive meaning (“either this or that”). In this case, he connects homogeneous terms, and a comma is not placed between them. If the conjunction or can be replaced by the conjunction that is, then it has explanatory meaning. In this case, the explanatory phrase is separated by commas.

Wed: From the forest ravine came the singing of a nightingale or goldfinch. - From the forest ravine came the cooing of wild pigeons, or turtle doves(Aksakov); It was decided to decorate the house with a balcony or mezzanine. - Around the entire building there is a vast stone balcony, or veranda, where the owners of the barracks lazily doze in bamboo chairs(Goncharov).

Note. Definitions that are explanatory in nature (they can be preceded by the words namely, that is), are separated by a comma from the word being explained, but a comma is usually not placed after them, for example: Thick firebrands stuck out, the remains of the former, burnt-out bathhouse; The next, sixth volume of the subscription edition will arrive in the store in a few days; He spoke in a completely different, serious tone; The fourth and final part of the novel will end with an epilogue.

B) Connecting members of the sentence

The connecting members of the sentence convey additional information, explanations or comments that arose along the way in connection with the content of the main statement. The connecting parts of the sentence are separated by commas, less often - by a dash:

The reflection of light struck, shaking impetuously, in all directions, especially from above(Turgenev); Every river, even a small one, has merit on earth(Peskov).

1. The connecting members of a sentence may have special connecting words: even, especially, especially, for example, mainly, in particular, including, moreover, and moreover, moreover, and(meaning “and moreover”), yes, yes and, yes and in general, yes and only and etc.:

In an imperceptible way I became attached to a kind family, even to a crooked garrison lieutenant(Pushkin); There will be a bath for you now, and with your mistress(Pushkin); At night, especially in the heat,... it was scary in the house (Bunin); Some Cossacks including Lukashka, stood up and stretched out (L. Tolstoy); The new manager paid most attention to the formal side of the matter, in particular on clerical details(Mamin-Sibiryak); Three people in Zarechye, including Sima Devushkin, made bird cages and cages (M. Gorky).

Such members of the sentence can be easily separated from the rest of the sentence and, to enhance their distinctive role, put a dot instead of a comma.

Wed: You have solid work experience, moreover, in the field of restructuring and searches for new forms (Belyaev). - Among other telegrams there will be his. And the most unusual (Lapin); All things, especially tree branches and building corners, stood out in amazing relief against the dark pink darkening sky(Kuprin). - Many writers have possessed this ability to create an excellent oral story based on true facts. Especially Mark Twain (Paustovsky); It was very warm, even hot(Chakovsky). - The mechanisms in dolls are usually very primitive. Even in the most expensive and beautiful (Dementiev).

Note!

1) If the connecting member of a sentence begins with an introductory word ( for example, in particular etc.), then a comma is not placed after the introductory word.

The fastest ripening mushrooms for example, birch and russula, reach full development in three days(Aksakov).

2) You should not mix punctuation with connecting conjunctions and connecting conjunctions and, yes, connecting homogeneous members of a sentence. In the first case, a comma is placed before the conjunction, in the second, no sign is required before the non-repeating conjunction.

Wed: The author submitted the article, and in a timely manner (And- connecting conjunction). - The author presented the article in a revised form and in a timely manner (And- connecting conjunction); The work could have been done a long time ago, and even better. - The work could have been done faster and even better.

3) A comma is not placed before a conjunction and even in the following cases:

A) if it is used in a connecting meaning.

So he went into the forest to hunt for nuts and got lost(Turgenev);

b) in combinations like took and said (with the same form of the verb take and another verb to indicate unexpected or arbitrary action):

They lived a year in perfect harmony, and the next year she take it and die (Uspensky);

V) in combination no-no yes and:

...No, no, yes, he will remember her[mother], will write a letter(Gladkov).

2. Sometimes connectors can be included in a sentence without conjunctions (note the long pause that accompanies the connector):

Quite late another guest appeared, in a tailcoat...(Herzen); At night I stand at the gun, the orderly(Kataev).

Often a dash is used instead of a comma:

We went to the Caucasus - to the sun, to the sea, to the picturesque mountains; He remained the same as before - calm, hardworking, modest.

3. Punctuation distinguishes not only the connecting members of the sentence, but also the connecting clauses:

No, I him[brownie] haven't seen yeah you can't even see him (Turgenev); I walked in some kind of intoxication, yes and there was a reason (Garshin); I took it into my head to turn under the shed where our horses stood to see if they had food, and besides, caution never hurts (Lermontov).

D) Separate revolutions with the meaning of inclusion, exclusion and substitution

Clarifying, explanatory and connecting constructions are accompanied by isolated phrases with the meaning of inclusion, exclusion and substitution. Such phrases consist of nouns (with or without dependent words) with prepositions and prepositional combinations except, instead of, besides, over, along with, except for, including, excluding and etc.:

instead of hard work; with the exception of three people; except three people; along with obvious successes.

Revolutions denote objects included in a homogeneous series or, conversely, excluded from such a series, or objects that replace others.

In writing, phrases with the meaning of inclusion, exclusion, substitution can be separated:

The crowd dispersed except for a few curious people and boys, and Gavrila returned home(Turgenev). Beyond all expectations, my grandmother gave me several books(Aksakov).

It should be remembered that highlighting such turns is not mandatory! They can be isolated depending on the semantic load, position in the sentence, degree of prevalence, etc., that is, if the author wants to highlight such phrases in meaning and intonation:

At the outpost, instead of a sentry, there was a collapsed booth(Pushkin). - Instead of an answer, Kirila Petrovich was given a letter(Pushkin).

Note!

1) In this kind of turn of phrase excluding, including are prepositions, not gerunds.

2) If an isolated member of a sentence is in the middle of a sentence, then it is isolated on both sides.

3) The preposition except can have the meaning of inclusion and exclusion.

Wed: Besides the big house in Zamoskvorechye, nothing reminded of the night battle(Leonov) is an exception (only the big house reminded of the fight); Except the city of Okurova, on the plain there is a small village of Voevodino(M. Gorky) - inclusion (on the plain there were both the city of Okurov and the village of Voevodino).

Typically, turns are isolated regardless of the shades of meaning. However, uncommon phrases with except in the meaning of inclusion may not be isolated (this is how their inclusion in a homogeneous series of objects is emphasized).

Wed: In addition to books, there were notebooks and pencils on the table.(inclusion). - There was nothing on the table except books(exception).

Recently, there has been a tendency to highlight revolutions with except, regardless of the shades of meaning. This happens especially often:

A) in the presence of negative pronouns nobody, nothing and interrogative pronouns who, what:

I couldn't discern anything except for the muddy twisting of the blizzard (Pushkin);

b) if there is a combination in circulation except:

We are harming no one, except for bears, we don't(Markov).

Please note that the phrase besides in the meaning “besides” is an introductory word, therefore it is always isolated in writing.

4) Phrases with the preposition instead also differ in meaning. If they have a substitution value, then a comma is usually added.

Instead of bare cliffs, I saw green mountains and fruitful trees near me(Pushkin).

If instead is used to mean “instead”, “for”, then a comma is usually not placed.

He got into the car instead of the driver.

A circumstance of place or time, clarifying the meaning of a previous circumstance, more accurately and specifically revealing the meaning of this circumstance, is isolated, highlighted in writing with commas: 1) I heard these stories near Ackerman, in Bessarabia, on the seashore. (M.G.); 2) Every morning at six o’clock I went to work. (M.G.); 3) Late in the evening, that is, at about eleven o’clock, I went for a walk along the linden alley of the boulevard. (L.)
Often the isolation or non-isolation of such circumstances depends on whether the writer himself gives them a clarifying meaning or not. Wed: On the bench, (where exactly?) by the window, my father was sitting. (A.N.T.) - My father was sitting on a bench (what?) by the window.
Less often, circumstances of the course of action are specified, for example: During heavy rains, it [the river] overflows like spring, (how exactly?) violently and noisily, and then makes itself felt. (Ch.)
Read, find clarifying circumstances. Explain punctuation.
1) Boats floated along the reeds, under the willow trees. (A.N.T.) 2) We got up very late, at nine o’clock. (Kupr.) 3) I stayed here for a week, that is, until Sunday or Monday. (Hound.) 4) A crow sat sadly, orphan-like, on a crooked haystack. (Fad.) 5) In the sea, right next to the shallows, silver herrings glitter. (M.G.)
Write it down using punctuation marks. Please provide further details.
1) One Sunday at the end of July I came to the Volchaninovs in the morning at about nine. (Ch.) 2) He lived very far away, not in the city, but outside the city in a blue hut among the ravines of the suburbs. (Boon.) 3) Opening the window I saw lilacs. It was spring on a flying day. (A.B.) 4) The station remained to the side to the right. (N.O.) 5) Far away on the other side, several bright red lights were burning scatteredly. (Ch.) 6) She sat in the first row of chairs next to her dad without taking her eyes off the stage. (Ch.) 7) Below, near the heaps of stones piled up, the sea splashes. (N.O.) 8) The cathedral stood above the city on an area bordered by forest. (Hare.) 9) Toy white houses on the outskirts of the city climbed far up into the mountains. (N.O.) 10) On this pond, in the backwaters and lulls between the reeds, countless ducks hatched. (T.) 11) It was cold and damp, especially in a wet dress. (JI. T.) 12) We dined outdoors in the shade of oak trees at a wooden table dug into the ground. (Hare)
Copy the sentences using missing punctuation marks. Underline isolated circumstances and explain why they are isolated.
1) Ahead, about two miles from the convoy, were long, low barns and houses with tiled roofs; There were no yards or trees to be seen near the houses. (Ch.) 2) There in the village, he, obviously knowing himself in his place, was in no hurry and was never unoccupied. (JI. T.) 3) Despite Pechorin’s prohibition, she [Bela] left the fortress to the 10* 291 river. (JI.) 4) My Cossack, contrary to orders, slept soundly, holding the gun with both hands. (JI.) 5) Fortunately, due to the unsuccessful hunt, our horses were not exhausted. (JI.) 6) On the occasion of the arrival of his sons, Bulba ordered to convene all the centurions and the entire regimental rank. (G.) 7) He [grandfather] woke up at five o’clock in the afternoon and, despite the scorching heat, soon wanted to have some tea. (Ax.) 8) The obnoxious horse, having caught up with the harness, despite all my efforts, stopped so unexpectedly that I jumped from the saddle to the neck and almost flew. (JI. T.) 9) He [Sergei] grabbed the bread, quickly kissed his mother’s hand and, despite his fatigue, excitedly looking into the darkness with his sharp eyes, began to chew this wonderful wheat crust. (F.) 10) Since then... none of the family, despite all the searches, have seen Pierre again. (JI. T.) 11) Now that is, with the onset of the summer heat, pack trips have become far less tempting than in the spring. (Przh.)
433. Read and determine the stylistic affiliation of the text. Give reasons for your answer. Copy using missing punctuation marks. Make diagrams of the highlighted sentences.
Homeland. This word, full of deep meaning, sounds especially special to me. I see its vast (?) fields waving with harvest. A warm wind flies over them, raising flower dust. The country that gave birth to us is vast and diverse. (N..) the rivers crossing its spaces are exhausted and full of water. Vast green forests, high mountains shining with eternal glaciers. The light of the bright sun is reflected in their snowy peaks. Sh..rocky, sultry steppes (the impenetrable Siberian(?) taiga stretching across the ocean. The cities scattered..in our country are populous and numerous. Many languages ​​are spoken by the people..who have come..to this majestic country. The blue sounds are spacious and the songs of the people living in it are wonderful (I. Sokolov-Mikitov)

An isolated circumstance according to semantics can be divided into several types:

Semi-predicative circumstance:

Non-predicative or clarifying circumstance.

The semi-predicative adverbial is raised to an independent sentence with an independent predicate. A typical way of expression is an adverbial phrase or a single circumstance.

Non-semi-predicative adverbials represent an “unnecessary”, secondary member of a sentence

Participial turnover is a participle with a dependent word. Specifying isolated circumstances are expressed by an adverb or a noun with a preposition:

Columbus's sailors waited for land to appear on the horizon, suffering from scurvy, losing their last hope, trusting in the mercy of God.– there are 4 predicative centers here.

She lived in Prague, under the bridge over the Vltava.

There are a lot of semantic and punctuation difficulties associated with the isolation of the participial phrase. The participial phrase is isolated in the vast majority of cases. Not isolated it is under the following conditions:

1. when a phrase turns into an idiom: Day and night across the snowy desert I rush to you at breakneck speed.

2. The participial phrase is also not isolated when it is the semantic center of the statement, and the main predicate is somewhat weakened semantically (predicates with an existential meaning, with the meaning of movement, location are often weakened semantically): Anastasia lived (,) enjoying every minute. She sat with her head slightly thrown back, thoughtfully and sadly. This exercise is done standing on tiptoes.

3. semi-predicativeness is often lost in a single gerund; the extreme instance of the loss of semi-predicativeness is gerunds that have turned into adverbs. He liked to eat lying down.

4. The problem of isolating participles is also related to the question of the morphological redesign of some of them: some participles turn into conjunctions - starting from, depending on, based on etc. Their isolation is optional. They need to be isolated if the verbal semantics are preserved: We must clean the apartment, starting with the largest room. From the first to the tenth of May we do not study.

5. Punctuation errors can often be observed in cases where the relative pronoun depends on the gerund which, acting as an allied word: I still remember the book, reading which I first thought about the meaning of life.

6. The participial phrase is not isolated, or rather, it is not separated when it is included in a composed series with an adverb: Sveta looked at him intently and narrowed her eyes.

In addition to punctuation complications, composing sentences with participial phrases causes difficulties of the approval plan. In a sentence with adverbial turns, both the main predicate and the additional predicate must certainly refer to the same subject. Sentences like: *Walking through the park, the thought occurred to me that it would be nice to return here with her.

Clarifying circumstances are highlighted, which, as a rule, mean, in a somewhat limited way, the same thing as the circumstance being specified. If the word being specified is the setting of a place, then the qualifying word is also: In Smolensk, in the central park, a tug-of-war competition was held.

In some cases, a circumstance with a narrower meaning forms a single situation with a word that is broader in semantics: In the forest at the edge of the forest, a bear was eating raspberries. In this proposal, segregation is optional. It depends on the observer.

At the will of the author, non-specifying circumstances can also be isolated if they carry a special – often psychological – load. A.P. Chekhov: In the morning he woke up early, with a headache, awakened by noise. Apparently the Chichikovs (,) turn into poets for a few minutes in their lives (,).

Punctuations with words behave especially in terms of punctuation despite, thanks to, in order to avoid, as a result of, in spite of. Situations with revolutions are steadily isolated despite, despite, the rest are optional: As a result of this incident (.) Vasily no longer saw his parents (I.S. Turgenev)

The phenomenon of optional isolation expresses the process of transition of gerunds into derived prepositions - this is a means of formalizing control, i.e. the connection becomes stronger and does not require separation.

SEPARATE SUPPLEMENT

An object is associated with a verb or other word with a strong connection ( running from..., red from the frost), as a rule, not allowing for intonation and punctuation emphasis. However, there are exceptions here too. These exceptions may appear when the isolated object appears to be borrowed from another sentence with the same or similar predicate: Katya invited the whole group to the housewarming party + Katya did not invite Misha = Katya invited the whole group except Misha.